Examples Of Legalism During The ChIn Dynasty And Confucianism

Belief systems are philosophies or religions that influence people’s lives. Many philosophies throughout the history of China have greatly influenced the daily lives of it’s people. Chinese philosophies held many important beliefs that both positively and negatively impacted the daily lives of China’s people. Two examples of these philosophies and their impact on the people of China’s daily lives are Legalism during the Ch’in dynasty, and Confucianism during the Han Dynasty. Legalism during the Ch’in Dynasty had many important beliefs. To the Ch’in, Legalism was the right way of life. The only way of life. Legalism was a philosophy that was created by Han Feizi, a Chinese philosopher, in which the people believed that the government†¦show more content†¦The Ch’in Dynasty had a strong, totalitarian, central government that was very structure and provided structure for the people. Legalism was very beneficially effective in the way that it ended the Warring States period by using their powerful government to rid China of feudal lords and feudal states and taking all of the land back from them because they had all taken advantage of both each other and the land. During the period of their strict rule through legalism, the Ch’in accomplished starting and building 1,845 miles of the Great wall of China to keep out invaders from the north, helping to protect their people, and building over 400 miles of roads and irrigation systems for their people. However, legalism also negatively impacted the lives of the people of China during the Ch’in Dynasty in multiple ways. In order to make the people believe that Legalism was best, the Ch’in burned books on history and Confucianism, and killed Confucian scholars who refused to give up their beliefs. Those who did something that the government did not like were punished. All of the people’s actions had consequences, both good and bad. The Ch’in forced people to work for them for months on end without having any guarantee for them or their families of knowing when they would be home, if they would ever return, or if they would die working. This violated the basic human rights of the people who were forced to work for the government on projects such as the Great Wall ofShow MoreRelatedChina Research Paper6220 Words   |  25 PagesAncient China during this age came the Xia Dynasty (2100-1600 BC), next was the Shang Dynasty, The written history of china can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty which was between 1700-1046BC, but much of Chinese culture, literature, and philosophy was further developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC); together these three dynasties make up the Three Dynasties era. Afterwards came the Imperial era, right after Ancient China. Here there were twelve other dynasties. The Qin Dynasty is well known

Essay about Social Deviance - 1123 Words

quot;Social Deviancequot; Social deviance stems from the passive-aggressive attitudes parents have upon their children. This pressure, coupled with societys own conformist attitude, causes certain members of the society to drift toward what sociologists call deviant groups. These deviant groups, like punks, hippies or other radical organizations, often fight against a society they deem unworthy of their attention and thus ignore. However Emile Durkheim pointed out that deviance is important for the structure of society (Durkheim 1893,1964). Certain groups deviate from social norms because of both their raising and social pressures at the time while others conform for the exact same reason. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;One of the†¦show more content†¦Social deviance has many negatives, which were explained in the above paragraph on conformity, but it also has positives that any society needs to fight apathy and discord. quot;Deviance can be defined as behavior that differs from the norm, especially behavior and attitudes that differ from accepted social standards (Am. Heritage, 1998).quot; Two different, yet similar, deviant groups can be used to describe the entire deviant subculture. Those who classify themselves as punks and anarchists are one type and those that spout quot;free lovequot; and peace (hippies) are another type of deviant subculture. The first group chooses to be social outcasts because of a hatred of norms. This group attempts to destroy society and with it the means for bettering it. They believe in a type of anarchy that stems from loathing toward excepted values and refuse to get jobs or even conform to society in the most basic ways. Hipp ies on the other hand choose a method of peace and tranquility, believing that people should all love one another and anarchy would be beautiful if everyone could simply understand how to live at peace with themselves and nature. Although both groups believe in anarchy one chooses hate and aggression to show their viewsShow MoreRelatedSocial Deviance As A Form Of Deviance962 Words   |  4 Pagesare the â€Å"ABCs† of deviance? Why are all three regarded as types of deviance? How can sociologists refer to traits or characteristics that are â€Å"not the person’s fault† as instances of deviance? Is this fair? Is it sociologically meaningful? What about belonging to a particular racial, national, or ethnic category--can this be regarded as a form of deviance? Why or why not? The beliefs and attributes the go against the societal expectations or norms are referred to as social deviance by sociologist.Read MoreSocial Deviance951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance Compiled by Parul Parihar As Young and Mack have pointed out, â€Å"No norm is always obeyed; no individual always conforms to every set of expectations†. Hence, deviance, that is, the act of going against the rules or norms is there everywhere. Deviant Behaviour such as knavery, cheating, adultery, unfairness, crime, malingering, immorality, dishonesty, betrayal, burglary, corruption, cunningness, sneakiness, wickednessRead MoreSocial Deviance826 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance Paper Deviance is defined as the violation of cultural norms. This is an extremely broad definition, and depending on who is explaining it, the above definition can mean a variety of different things. It is, however, generally assumed by the public that anyone who is considered deviant is putting a negative hold on society. This is not necessarily true. Deviance is exhibited in many forms throughout society. Deviance is not necessarily negative; sometimes the norms of society needRead MoreDeviance : Deviance And Social Deviance1754 Words   |  8 PagesDeviance in Subcultures Our society is made up of many subcultures that have different beliefs, norms, and morals as we do. A subculture is a distinct group within the larger culture that has its own subset of norms, values, behaviors, or characteristics. Subcultures are seen everywhere whether it be a religion such as the Amish, or profession such as exotic dancing. Out society may see their behavior and norms as deviant, but to the members of the subculture it is normal, and our lifestyle is consideredRead MoreCorporate Deviance And Corporate Social Responsibility921 Words   |  4 Pages(2014). Using this as the basis of their operations, corporate alertness is increasingly being given to corporate social responsibility philosophies. Most business organization thus work on the idea of maximizing the positive effects of their operation on the society as the negative impacts of these operation are minimized - Farrell and Fraedrich (1997). This is the thrust of corporate social responsibility as considere d an obligation among businesses in the advanced societies of the globe. Oko AgbonifohRead MoreSocial Bonds and Deviance Goes Against the Norm2006 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Bonds and Deviance Deviance is a term used to describe behavior that goes against the established social and cultural norms. The concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. Essentially, individuals commit deviant behavior when society defines it as such. Within the field of criminology, a number of theories exist that attempt to explain why some people engage in deviant behavior, while others abstain from it. One of these theories is TravisRead MoreDeviance and Social Control914 Words   |  4 Pagespreventing deviant human behavior in a society† are called social control (Schaefer, 2009). As we respect and acknowledge these social norms we expect others to do so as well. Therefore, according to our behavior sanctions are carried out whether they are positive or negative. Conformity, which refers to â€Å"going along with peers, people of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior† (Schaefer, 2009), is one way soci al control occurs in a group level which influence the way weRead MoreSocial Deviance in the Media915 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance in the Media Amy Hanson SOC/100 January 24, 2016 Andrea Harris I will be taking a look at how social deviance is portrayed in the media today. The television program I will be discussing is the show Cops. Cops is a reality television program that first aired in 1989 and was created by John Langley and Malcom Barbour. The show takes a raw and edgy look at social deviance through the eyes of law enforcement officials. It is unconventional, in the sense that it is unscriptedRead MoreProhibition And Social Deviance1115 Words   |  5 PagesSocial deviance spawns from the constructed social applications. The problem with social deviance, is it is a byproduct of social interactions based on the personal perspective and also a tempering of community perspective. The presence of man has dawned the creation of many things throughout human history. During the times of Prohibition there was a rise in social depravity that could be assumed by the presence or absence of alcohol. Alcohol itself is cheap to make and only requires a desire toRead MoreDeviance and Social Control1558 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is any infraction of norms, whether the violation being minor as jaywalking or as significant as raping someone. So you and I every day violate these societal norms no matter how big or small they may be. The heart of deviance is best explained by sociologist Howard S. Becker (1966), It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant. Different groups have different norms, maybe something deviant to a particular person may not be deviant to another (Henslin

Implications New Accounting Standard Leases -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implications New Accounting Standard Leases? Answer: Introduction Myer is the department store based in Australia incorporated in 2006. Their department store network involves the footprint of more than 60 stores in Australian retail stores. The merchandise categories of Myer includes different product categories like menswear, womens wear, childrens wear, beauty products, cosmetics are few to be named. The company is ranked at 145 among the top 2000 Australian companies. Majority of income for the company is generated through department stores in the Australian industry. The main objective of the company is to provide superior speciality services through creation of mutual rewarding relations with their customers through open, safe and inspiring environment (Myer.com.au 2018). On the other hand, National Australia Bank is the leader in delivering the bank services to the Australian businesses. They are specialists and expert in heath, education, government, community banking and agribusiness. Their main objective is to become the most respected bank in New Zealand and Australia. Majority of the banks business for financial services are operated in New Zealand and Australia with the other business being located in US, UK and Asia. The relationship of the bank with the customers are depended on the principles of advice, guidance and help for achieving better financial results for the customers (NAB.com.au 2018). Discussion AASB 16 and IFRS 16 deal with the lease treatment. As per the standard the companies are required to bring majority items under operating lease to record in the balance sheet of the company. The lessee shall measure the liability of lease at commencement date at present value of lease payments that are unpaid as on that date (Holland 2016). Further, the lease payments must be discounted through the implicit interest rate, if determined. However, if the rate is not determinable the incremental borrowing rate of the lessee shall be used by the lessee. However, after the date of commencement, lessee must measure right of use the asset through application of cost model (Xu et al. 2017). Further, for application of the cost model, the lessee shall measure right of use at cost reduced by the accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any and shall be adjusted for the measurement of lease liability, if any. Further, as per the disclosure requirement of the standard, the information shall be disclosed through notes together with information delivered in the balance sheet, cash flow statement and profit and loss account (Wong, Wong and Jeter 2016). These statements give the clear idea regarding the impact that leases may have on financial performance, financial position and the cash flows of lessee. Looking into the financial statement of Myer, it is identified that the payments towards operating lease are accounted for as an expense under the income statements of the company on straight-line method over the term of lease. Further the lease contributions or lease incentives from operating lease are accounted for as deferred income and is reversed on straight line basis over lease term. The increase of fixed rate to the lease payment without taking into consideration the index or contingent based increase in rents are accounted for on straight line method over lease term. A liability or asset is accounted for the difference among the paid amount and expenses of lease is recognized as income on straight line method. The improvements on account of leasehold properties are amortised over period of lease or expected useful life of the asset for improvement, whichever is less. Further, the provisions for leases are written back partially to the provision of lease rental increase that is fixed. Actual payments for lease can be varied with the amount provided as provision where any alternative uses of the assets are found that includes the new tenants attraction. Majority of the companys warehouses and stores under the operating leases that is non-cancellable are leased for 1 to 30 years of time. Further the key judgements for leases adopted by Myer is that the company classifies the leases as operating leases and financial lease based on whether the company holds all the rewards and risk associated with the ownership or not. While making the assessment, the company primarily considers the ownership on asset only after the completion of lease term (Dakis 2016). However, the reported commitments for lease do not include the rent that was treated as contingent at the inception of lease. The impact of the exclusion with regard to the reported commitments for lease is not considered as material fact. Looking into the annual report of NAB, it is identified that rents from operating lease are charged in the income statement on straight-line method over the term of lease. However, if the operating lease is terminated prior to the lease period end then whatever payment is made to lessor through penalty is recorded as expense under the income statement in the year of termination (Joubert, Garvie and Parle 2017). Further, the incentives from lease are recorded as the integral part of total expenses for lease over the term of the lease. Further, both the companies accounts the leases for equipment, plant and property under which the considerable portion of rewards and risks are retained with the lessor are considered as operating lease. On the other hand, leases under which the company retain considerably all the rewards and risks of the ownership are considered as finance lease (Wong and Joshi 2015). Conclusion It is concluded from the above discussion that both the companies follow AASB 16 for treating their leases. As per the standard all the liabilities and assets under leases for more than the term of 12 months are recognized in the financial statements unless the asset has very low value. Further, the lessee recognize the right-of-use asset as the companys right for using the asset and the lease liability as the obligation for lease payment. Further, as per AASB 16, both the companies will show the present value of the obligation as liability under balance sheet along with the asset available under right-of-use. Further, the income statement will be classified for the expenses associated with occupancy as interest expenses and amortisation. Reference Dakis, G.S., 2016. Upcoming changes to contributions and leasing standards.Governance Directions,68(2), p.99. Holland, D., 2016. Simplifying income recognition for not-for-profit entities.Governance Directions,68(11), p.666. Joubert, M., Garvie, L. and Parle, G., 2017. Implications of the New Accounting Standard for Leases AASB 16 (IFRS 16) with the Inclusion of Operating Leases in the Balance Sheet.Journal of New Business Ideas and Trends,15(2), pp.1-11. Myer.com.au., 2018. Home. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. NAB.com.au., 2018. Home. [online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Wong, J., Wong, N. and Jeter, D.C., 2016. The Economics of Accounting for Property Leases.Accounting Horizons,30(2), pp.239-254. Wong, K. and Joshi, M., 2015. The impact of lease capitalisation on financial statements and key ratios: Evidence from Australia.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,9(3), p.27. Xu, W., Xu, W., Davidson, R.A., Davidson, R.A., Cheong, C.S. and Cheong, C.S., 2017. Converting financial statements: operating to capitalised leases.Pacific Accounting Review,29(1), pp.34-54.

Should we give every homeless person a home free essay sample

Many citizens of the United States do not have a place to stay. One in every 100 Americans is homeless. They roam the streets, asking for food and money due to the inability to find shelter and jobs. Fortunately, some parts of society have made it a mission to ensure that the homeless receive the help that they need. In many unique ways, residents are lending a helping hand to those in need.Prior to delving into how people are lending a hand, it is imperative to elaborate on the numerous reasons why many people find themselves homeless. Homelessness is a crisis in America. Being homeless is usually a transitional phase, therefore anyone can become homeless. Reverend Alfred Harrison from Charlotte, North Carolina told an ABC TV affiliate, â€Å"We’re the richest country in the world and yet we have to face situations such as these† (Christian Science Monitor, paragraph 6). People find themselves with financial instability due to losing their jobs, or simply being unable to find work. We will write a custom essay sample on Should we give every homeless person a home? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jacob Riis, a social reformer, immigrated to New York in 1870, only to find himself incapable to find work, therefore leaving him homeless (Library of Congress and National Park Service, paragraph 5). Others, have mental issues and have difficulties keeping a job to support themselves.The small things that one can do for the homeless can impact their lives forever. Shelters, food banks, churches, and clothing drives have provided a lot of support for them. In the article â€Å"When the cold wind blows, Americans give shelter† by Christian Science Monitor, an elderly homeless man is shown lifting his layers of coats up that have been given to him by coat drives organized by the city (Image 1). One of the main communication tools that the homeless uses are signs to make people aware of their needs without speaking to them directly. In Chicago, 23-year-old native Ian Todd creates and enhances signs for the homeless to catch passing citizens eyes (Art student to help the homeless by redesigning their signs). Since then, he has also kept in touch with numerous of the homeless individuals he has made signs for.In conclusion, the impact that residents have on the homeless is critical. Lending a helping hand could mean providing a coat or teaching one how to land a job. Focusing on the problem, which is financial instability can help bring an end to homelessness nationwide. Individuals involved in shelters, food banks, churches, and clothing drives are exemplary in showing how to help the homeless in unique ways. As one of the richest countries, there must be a unified stance to bring homelessness to an end.

The Advanced Guide to an Economics Essay Writing

The Advanced Guide to an Economics Essay Writing The majority of students when they hear the â€Å"E† word instantly see equations, numbers and axioms in their mind. Another part of students think that Economics is all about money. Well, the truth is that both are mistaken because this discipline deals with weighing up and making choices like whether it’s better to stay at home tonight or go out with friends, which cinema to choose, what apartment to rent, etc. You even can’t imagine how important economics is till you get to the bottom of it. But let’s be honest – you won’t do that out of sheer curiosity. That’s exactly why there are professors who task you with writing assignments within this discipline in order to make you research and comprehend its value. But apart from understanding what the economics is, these kinds of tasks also have the purpose of testing and improving your skills. When you need to write an economics essay, your professor actually wants to find out the answers to the following questions: Do you know something about economics? Are you aware of the very basics? How well do you understand the topic? How can you apply this knowledge in practice? Are you able to explore a particular concept and draw conclusions? Can you see the bigger picture? How can the results of your research be estimated in terms of their value? Keep those questions in mind while planning and writing because they will help you to live up to your professor’s expectations. But before you dive into the world of wordcraft, first you need to make up your mind what you are going to write about. How can you do that? Just keep reading our economics essay writing guide and find out! Picking a Suitable Topic for an Economics Essay You have to be ready for the fact that there is no magic trick or secret formula that will match you with the topic that will satisfy you and your supervisor. But, at least, you can do your best to spot it, and for this you need to be: Open-minded. It means to consider every idea that comes to your mind even if it sounds odd. It also implies for you to look for inspiration not only in economics books or articles, but around you as well – as we said before this discipline is about your everyday choices, so you can find a lot of interesting concepts to research even in your routine. Critical. If you finally spot an interesting topic, take into account questions we’ve discussed earlier – will it help you answer them and â€Å"show off† your skills? Down-to-earth. Frankly speaking, anything can be analyzed within the framework of economics. The question is whether you know how to explain the chosen topic using economic terms. For instance, you want to research the questions â€Å"Why I need a roommate?† – you may justify that by saying that you feel lonely sometimes, but we think you’ll agree with us that it doesn’t look like an economic explanation. Long-sighted. Make sure that when you explain economically that a roommate will bring many benefits, you will be able to test your hypotheses. Otherwise, your essay will be just filler text with a purpose to meet the word count set by the assignment. No one gets good grades for that. While you’re processing the economics essay writing prompts we’ve provided, we will present you with 10 sample topics that will show you in which direction to move and give you some excellent ideas. Finishing the College vs Taking a Job in a High Growth Startup The Pitfalls of Cheap Flights: How to Find the Most Beneficial Routes Pros and Cons of Getting Oneself a Pet The Minimum Wage for Part-Time Working Students and How It’s Counted Why Do Gas Prices Rise in the Summer? The Impact of Millennials on the US Economy Consumerism Habits of Modern College Students True Reasons Behind the Employment Problems Fresh Graduates Have How to Manage a Student Maintenance Loan the Right Way Different Forms of Money – Their Advantages and Disadvantages You’re welcome! After you decide on the topic, it’s important to understand how exactly you should write about it and which concepts to keep in mind while analyzing. So, let’s find out what they are. The Main Terms of Economics Essay Writing When you reflect upon some certain topic that you’ve picked and, then, lay out all your thoughts on paper, you need to remember about the 3 pillars of the economics essay writing: application, analysis and evaluation. 1. Application This is a very important concept that all professors look into while reviewing your essays. It implicates that you can take your economic knowledge and apply it in practice, meaning within the topic that you’re going to research in your writing. Knowing terms and definition is obviously not enough, that’s why this part is checked very carefully. 2. Analysis Well, the original definition suggests that this is a process of dividing something into smaller parts and looking into them separately. In the economics writing, it can be performed using the chain of reasoning – you give a statement and explain it step-by-step with the help of special linking words like consequently, furthermore, as a result, etc. e.g. Do a little research before buying goods online. If you don’t do that, you may purchase a product for a much higher price than on other shopping platforms. Consequently, you will spend more money that you could actually save up. Moreover, while researching you can learn about special offers that some of the web sellers provide. 3. Evaluation This is the hardest part because it demands your maximum participation. You need to provide the wider context and be able to express it in writing like, for instance, how your research results can be applied in other situations. It’s also important to show that you take into account positive arguments as well as negative ones – if there are statements that oppose your hypotheses, include them in your essay and, this way, try to strengthen your evaluation. While in analysis and application you take ready claims and only then act upon them, in evaluation everything should come out from you. These are the elements that have to be present in your essay if you count on a really good grade, so read them again to get a better understanding. The Ultimate Structure of an Economics Essay Now, when you know your topic and are aware of the most important skills you need to apply in economics essay writing, we will tell you about the structure of this type of assignment. To tell the truth, the skeleton of the paper stays the same as in any other paper – introduction, main body and conclusion. But that, what you put there and how you present it, is exactly what is different. Let’s look into each segment in detail. Introduction As the name suggests, in this part you introduce the reader to your topic, but first you need to grab his/her attention with a good hook to spark some interest. The hook can be mind-blowing statistical data, a quote from a famous economist, bold statement, etc. After you focus the attention of the reader on your writing, you include a general sentence that outlines your topic. And, then, goes the most important element of the introduction – a thesis statement. The thesis statement is a simple and short summary of the goal you want to achieve in your essay. It has to encompass one main idea that you will prove throughout your writing and mention again in the conclusion, so it’s main purpose is to inform the reader what and why exactly you will explore. Main Body Well, that’s when the real fun begins. Your main body may consist of as many paragraphs as you need – just make sure you fit into the word limit because if you write not enough or exceed it, you will be equally downgraded. All your paragraphs must be structured in the right way: State your point; Explain the cause; Include the consequence; Use evidence (example); Present your evaluation; Add a transition to another paragraph. It is possible that elements like cause and consequence may be omitted, but other parts are essential for your successful economics writing. This paragraph plan allows you to quickly draft short sentences for each point so you certainly won’t have any writer’s blocks or situations when you don’t know what to write next. As for main body as a whole, we advise you to structure it this way: Analysis. Take your topic to pieces and analyze each segment separately. Consequently, you may need several paragraphs for this kind of activity. Evaluation. Assess the information you received in the process of analysis. Opposing argument. As we’ve written before, it is a good practice to include a statement that disagrees with the result of your research. If you know how to appropriate it, it will only strengthen your writing. The thing is that all your paragraphs may include elements of application, analysis or evaluation. But there has to be a general direction for each chunk of the text to control the attention of your reader. General Economics Essay Tips That Will Make Your Writing Better You’re almost all set for your writing adventure – you know how to choose the topic, how to write about it and in what way to structure your thoughts. But there are also significant details that you have to remember about because they may cause some damage to your overall grade if you foul up on them. Let’s see what they are: Don’t just restate the economic theories – apply them to the problems you mention in your essay; Don’t include too many quotes; we know it’s quite tempting because there are loads of good words of great economists, but professors want to read your opinions; Cite only reliable sources; Make your sentences short and to-the-point; Use words with specific meanings – avoid modal verbs when proving something (may, might, can, etc.) or verbs like seems, appears, etc. Be logical; Stick to the present tense; Don’t plagiarize. It’s better to go through this list right before writing, and during your proofreading sessions which we’re going to talk about in our next paragraph. Proofreading Tips to Get Your Eagle Eye Activated: What Our Writers Use The most important thing is to check your essay for errors only after you completely finish it. It’s essential because if you do it simultaneously with writing, you will not be able to concentrate either on creating text or editing. But that also doesn’t mean that you need to start proofreading right after your last word is written. In order to do everything properly, you must follow a certain sequence. Put off Your Writing at Least for a Day You need to forget what you have written. Why? Because when you pore over the assignment for quite a long time, your eye is not so eagle anymore – it gets used to your style and just doesn’t notice any errors. That’s why you should leave your work for a day or two (of course, if the deadline allows you), and only after that start editing. One small hack: also change the font of your essay – you’ll be surprised as it will seem like you’re reading someone else’s writing. Divide Proofreading for Several Sessions Don’t look for everything at once; plan your editing carefully. Firstly, review the essay and look for spelling errors. After that check thoroughly the grammar. Devote your next session to evaluating the actual content (logic, meaning, etc.). This way, step by step, you will eliminate the majority of mistakes that could ruin your mark. Organize the Last Check Make sure to plan the last review session before the submission. It is equally significant for your writing because while editing you will surely make some changes that might influence sentences or even paragraphs. You certainly need to check the consistency of the content you’re going to hand in to your professor. This guide contains the full range of economics essay writing tips you need to write an economics essay. Its advantage is that you don’t have to rummage through the Internet to find additional information because everything is here in one place. So, use it to the maximum to save up time and produce an excellent academic paper!

Propositions in Debate Definition and Examples

Propositions in Debate Definition and Examples In an argument or debate, a proposition is a statement that affirms or denies something. As explained below, a proposition may function as a premise or a conclusion in a syllogism or enthymeme. In formal debates, a proposition may also be called a topic, motion, or resolution. EtymologyFrom the Latin, to set forth Examples and Observations An argument is any group of propositions where one proposition is claimed to follow from the others, and where the others are treated as furnishing grounds or support for the truth of the one. An argument is not a mere collection of propositions, but a group with a particular, rather formal, structure. . . . The conclusion of an argument is the one proposition that is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of the other propositions of the argument. The premises of an argument are the other propositions which are assumed or otherwise accepted as providing support or justification for accepting the one proposition which is the conclusion. Thus, in the three propositions that follow in the universal deductive categorical syllogism, the first two are premises and the third the conclusion: All men are mortal.​Socrates is a man.Socrates is mortal. . . . Premises and conclusions require each other. A proposition standing alone is neither a premise nor a conclusion. (Ruggero J. Aldisert, Logic in Forensic Science. Forensic Science and Law, ed. by Cyril H. Wecht and John T. Rago. Taylor Francis, 2006) Effective Argumentative Essays The first step in arguing successfully is to state your position clearly. This means that a good thesis is crucial to your essay. For argumentative or persuasive essays, the thesis is sometimes called a major proposition, or a claim. Through your major proposition, you take a definite position in a debate, and by taking a strong position, you give your essay its argumentative edge. Your readers must know what your position is and must see that you have supported your main idea with convincing minor points. (Gilbert H. Muller and Harvey S. Wiener, The Short Prose Reader, 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2009) Propositions in Debates Debate is the process of presenting arguments for or against a proposition. Propositions for which people argue are controversial and have one or more individuals presenting the case for the proposition while others present the case against it. Every debater is an advocate; the purpose of each speaker is to gain the belief of the audience for his side. Argument is the core of the debate speech- the superior debater must be superior in the use of argument. The chief means of persuasion in debate is the logical mode. (Robert B. Huber and Alfred Snider, Influencing Through Argument, rev. ed. International Debate Education Association, 2006) Clarifying Propositions [It often requires] some work to extract a clear representation of an argument from any given prose passage. First of all, it is possible to express a proposition using any kind of grammatical construction. Interrogative, optative, or exclamatory sentences, for example, can, with appropriate contextual stage setting, be used to express propositions. In the interests of clarity, therefore, it will often be helpful to paraphrase an authors words, in expressing a premise or conclusion, into the form of a declarative sentence that transparently expresses a proposition. Second, not every proposition expressed in an argumentative prose passage occurs within that passage as either a premise or a conclusion, or as (a proper) part of a premise or conclusion. Well refer to these propositions, which are neither identical with nor embedded in any premise or conclusion, and to the sentences by which they are expressed, as noise. A noisy proposition makes a claim that is extraneous to the content of the argument in question. (Mark Vorobej, A Theory of Argument. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Pronunciation: PROP-eh-ZISH-en

Characteristics of a homeless man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Characteristics of a homeless man - Essay Example As he saw me, he shouted. Beggar: Oye, watch what you are doing man. You just twisted my leg and I have got it fractured for sure. Owoo†¦owooo.ooo. It hurts. You owe me several hundred dollars. I gotta go and get it fixed. Owooo†¦owoo. Oh my God, I thought! One moment ago, I adored the beauty of the Arch, and one moment later, I curse having visited it. Does the Arch make home to such people? I could never think of it. And this beggar, this liar, is indeed a big threat to my bank account. All of these thoughts suddenly flashed in my mind with instincts. I was dumb-founded. I talked to the beggar in reply. Me: I owe you nothing. Its your fault if you are sleeping in a common walkway, with your leg extended in the middle of the path. And I was too conscious to put complete weight over my foot as soon as I realized there was something underneath it. You lie. I did not fracture your leg. Indeed, you are perfectly alright. This is indeed, a new way of begging in the town, isn’t it? Me: Oh my God, you liar, you cheat. You have had your leg fractured ever since this report was made, and you intend to sue me for that? And then you show me the report as well. You know what? I pity you! Here†¦take

Visual Elements of Arguments in Oreo French Ad Essay

Visual Elements of Arguments in Oreo French Ad - Essay Example This ad caught the attraction of people from all parts of the world. According to David Buckingham, â€Å"The Children’s market is potentially large† (Buckingham, p.594). Therefore, advertisers usually create child centered ads for the marketing purposes. This ad is a child-centered ad. The theme of this ad is that a cute little girl teaching her father how to eat Oreo cookies. Ethos, pathos and logos used extensively in this ad to catch the attention of the public. This paper analyses the Visual Elements of Arguments in Oreo French Ad. The beauty of this ad lies in the beauty of the cute girl acting in this ad. According to Jean Kilbourne sometimes the models in ads are children, other times they just look like children (Kilbourne p.471). The girl in this ad spreads the messages both as a child and also as a model. Her conversations with her father and efforts to teach him the way to eat Oreo cookies watched with huge interests by the viewers. In this ad each and every word is selected carefully. The dad asks the permission of his daughter to try the cookie. But the daughter denies him the permission saying that he is not yet ready to taste it. The creators of this ad remind us the fact that children have a specific way of eating cookies. While elders try to eat it fast, children always try to lick it first and enjoy the taste of each minute particle in the cookie. The girl indirectly says that the eating styles of elders are not suitable to enjoy the taste of Oreo cookie. She wants her father to lick it and enjoy the taste of this cookie fully. Here the creators or this ad tries to give pathos and logos to this ad. The daughter’s behaviour helps the viewers to know how emotionally she is attached to this cookie. She does not like the idea of eating it quickly. In fact, she wants to make a company with this cookie as long as possible before enjoying each part of it. The creators of this ad reminds us that there is no point in tasting an Oreo cookie just like other cookies. They wanted to spread the message that this cookie needs special attention while eating to enjoy it fully. Both images and words used carefully in this ad to catch the attention of the public. In fact the backdrops and the colour combinations of the dresses of the father and daughter are selected carefully. These colour combinations provide a pleasant feeling to the viewers. It should be noted that dark colour combinations may look vulgar while dull colour combinations may not catch the attention of the public. The p roducers of this ad knows this principle very well and used a meaningful and attractive colour combination in the pasteurization of this ad. Both visual and audio media blended carefully in this ad to catch the attention of the people. No complicated words or sentences used in this ad. In fact, this ad spreads great messages with the help of simple words. There are plenty of ads which are difficult for ordinary people to digest. However, this ad was created in such a way that even a layman can understand the ideas expressed in it. This ad can be enjoyed fully only of it is displayed in the visual media. Print media cannot communicate the message of this ad properly. It should be noted that the mannerisms and the childish activities of the cute girls catch the attention of the people. In short, the visual media helped the producers immensely in spreading the message of this ad properly. The girl says that eating an Oreo cookie is extremely complicated. In her opinion, there is a spec ial way to eat it. She says that first you twist it, then lick the cream First, you twist it, then lick it, then join it just like a kiss, then dip it milk and eat it. It should be not

Country analysis of The Democratic Republic of Congo Essay Example for Free

Country analysis of The Democratic Republic of Congo Essay This location allows grief from neighboring countries on the other hand it is in an ideal location by way of trade routes to other countries and access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Congo River. The Democratic Republic of Congo is also dense with valuable minerals making it regarded as one of the richest countries as ar as natural recourses go. However, it is one of the poorest countries in the world In 1998, the second Congo war began, this war was also known as The African world war. It directly involved nine other African nations: Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and a few others. The war started because neighboring countries as well as citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo wanted to gain some of the minerals and natural resources from the nation originally creating a civil war which spread to other nations, sucking them in and starting a full out war between the countries. The war officially ended in 2003 however; battles and bitterness still resound and cause mass conflict between the African nations today. This war is said to be the worst conflict since World War II. Around five and a half million people have been killed so far due to this conflict. About 90% of the victims were not killed in battle. They passed on due to ravaging diseases such as malaria. They also died from pneumonia and malnutrition. These reasons for death were brought up by displaced populations living in unsanitary, heavily over populated conditions and were denied access to food, water, medicine, and shelter. This ongoing war has devastated a nation that in theory could be a rich, well off nation. The Democratic Republic of Congo has mass amounts of untapped raw mineral deposits. These deposits are worth 24 trillion dollars. This nation contains 30% of the worlds diamond reserves and 70% of the worlds coltan. There are also enormous reserves of gold, copper, and cobalt. The mineral extraction is done in a process known as artisanal and small scale mining. Mining has created severe problems in the Democratic Republic of Congo. There were many illegal organizations profiting off the mines. Because of this, the government shut down the eastern part of the country to mining. During the war, many of the commanders were making illegal trades with foreign countries with their minerals and natural resources. This trading was labeled as mass scale looting. When the mass scale looting died down soldiers were then encouraged to take part in small scale looting. This brought forth the active and extraction phase. Because of all this looting, there were large amounts of inflation. The Congolese government lost much of their profits from Uganda and Rwanda to transport their resources. They often exported diamonds and coltan out of the country. They would then repackage the diamonds and legally sell them as it they were from their own country. Rwandan soldiers made around 20 million dollars a month from smuggling resources out of the Democratic Republic of Congo. These large mining operations attract migrant workers. Many people migrate to The Democratic Republic of Congo as well to escape the violence in the Great Lakes region. The number of immigrants has been rapidly decreasing over the years. The mass amounts of immigrants have taken over the work force there. In recent years immigrants are starting to migrate to the European nations rather than other nations in Africa. Due to the dense population and poor living conditions, poverty runs rampant through this nation. This also means there are large amounts of crime even though there is a police force, the Congolese national police force. One of the most prevalent crimes in this area is of rape and sexual slavery. The Democratic Republic of Congo is known as the rape capital of the world. With the recent war, the numbers of rape victims have drastically increased. Although the Congolese law rohibits rape these laws are almost never enforced. Rape was a main weapon used in the Second Congo war, which started this ongoing epidemic of sexual violence. Prostitution and human trafficking are prohibited and have a penalty of twenty years in Jail according to the law. However, there will be years where there is not a single investigation of either of these. Proving that the laws are not as heavily enforced in these areas, as they should be. There are also no laws against spousal abuse. This lack of law enforcement is brought up by the lack of a stable and secure government rom the ongoing war. Left with an insecure government the nation is slowly starting to repair itself. The Lusaka Peace Accords set up a government system in 1999. A president was finally elected in 2006. The economy is starting to take a turn for the bright side but it is still wrought with poverty and a failing economy due to the war and mining conflicts. Due to the violence and unstable government, there are few markets and public services. This does not allow farmers to be able to sell their own goods. It forces civilians to fend for themselves. Due to the lack of public services, here are very few hospitals and medicals centers. Disease runs rampant through this nation. Since this nation is so heavily populates diseases spread easily through the communities. There are vast amounts of major health problems in this region including; HIV, aids, malaria, polio outbreaks, cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, the Ebola virus, hemorrhagic fever, and tuberculosis. Many of the illnesses are from poor living conditions, living in filth and with bugs. Diseases are spread through bug bites. Diseases like HIV and Aids are easily spread through a multitude of ways. Diseases re spread through the movement of soldiers and refugees, few HIV testing sites, mass amounts of untreated sexual diseases, human trafficking, sexual abuse, prostitution, and diseased blood transfusions. Due to the ongoing wars and conflicts, it has made it difficult to set up an organization for stopping the spread of these diseases. Because of how poor the civilians are, they have no money for medical help, which is expensive and required to be paid in advance in full cash. The Democratic Republic of Congo is not only rich with minerals but is also a great agricultural location. The general temperature ranges between 68 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a region covered with rainforest and savanna areas. The farming is done mainly in the open savanna areas. Some of the major cash crops include peanuts, beans, bananas, plantains, rice, yams, and sugarcane. Cottee is also a major crop grown here. It is one of the most exported natural resource. Most of the farming is done through the Feronia Arable Farming division. Smaller farmers often use the slash and burn method of farming nearer the rainforest. This method however, is destroying the environment and the rainforest. Using the slash and burn method it takes around fifteen years before the burned field can recover and be used again making the farmers cut down more and more of the rainforest to sustain products and and income. The Democratic Republic of Congo is an up and coming nation it requires vast amounts of revision with the nations government system, the conflicts with other countries need to be amended, and laws should be more strictly enforced to create a working nation. The DRC has the potential to be one of the richest nations in Africa by way of its large mineral reserves and demand on the natural resources cultivated here. Major reforms need to be made before this country thrives.

Siddhartha - symbolism of the river :: essays research papers

Throughout the pilgrimage of Siddhartha’s life, he went through many different stages. In the beginning, we meet Siddhartha, The Brahmin’s Son. Siddhartha was very intelligent, but wanted to learn more. His mind was not full, and his soul was not at peace. He decided to become a Samana in order to fill his mind and set his soul at peace. He had a goal to become completely empty of thirst, desire, dreams, pleasure and sorrow. He had the idea that if he could completely lose Self, he would be content. During his time with the Samanas, Siddhartha heard about Gotama, the Buddha, and became distrustful of teachings and decided to leave the Samanas with the belief that what they could teach him was not good enough. He had to learn things for himself by experiencing them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After listening to Gotama’s teachings, Siddhartha had an awakening. He thought, â€Å"The reason why I do not know anythng about myself, the reason why Siddhartha has remained alien and unknown to myself is due to one thing, to one single thing—I was afraid of myself, I was fleeing from myself.† He realized that he was seeking Brahman and wished to destroy himself rather than finding and getting to know himself. This awakening set Siddhartha onto another stage in his journey. During the beginning of this stage, Siddhartha saw things in a completely new way. He saw the sun rise and the stars for the first time. Siddhartha came upon a beautiful young woman, who very much helped lead him into the next step of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Siddhartha believed that he loved her and that she loved him. She led him into thinking that he would be happy if he had money, nice clothes, and her. Siddhartha became a successful merchant and loved money. He believed that with money, he could have what he wanted. After all, was it not money that got him Kamala in the first place? The money that had gotten Siddhartha what he wanted began to destroy him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Siddhartha began to think that this world of the riches he had become accustomed to was nothing but a game, as was the love he felt for Kamala. This belief led him into the next stage of his pilgrimage. Siddhartha believed that there was nothing left for him in life, and he wanted to end it, but from somewhere in his soul he heard the holy word Om and his soul suddenly, once again, was awakened.

Microeconomics Externalities, Market Power Assignment

Introductory* Micro*economics 316-102 *Sem 1*,2010 Assignment 2: Genevieve Blanch QUESTION 1. Externalities in this situation exist where the Government, Country or Private Organisation decides to launch a new satellite causing costs and benefits to other members of society which do not impact on the G,C or PO. Such externalities include: NEGATIVE (Costs to other members of society) Hazard to the useful working satellites that surround Earth. Threat to our dependence for communications, broadcasting and surveillance. Debris from one collision causing a second, which creates still more debris and collisions. A socially optimal outcomes occurs when then the social maximal benefit equals social marginal cost meaning the surplus to society is maximized. At the same time efficient market equilibrium is needed where the private marginal benefit (PMB) equals Private marginal cost (PMC). {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} SMC=PMC {draw:line} {draw:line} SMB=PMB Q* For each active satellite a certain amount of debris is released into space. Because the debris is a hazard to other working satellites it is considered a negative externality. Due to this negative externality in production, the social cost (SMC) of producing active satellites exceeds the private cost (PMC). This means the socially desirable number of active satellites, Q optimum, is smaller than the equilibrium quantity Q* (As seen below). Graph: Debris and the social optimum {draw:line} * {draw:line} * SMC {draw:line} {draw:line} * *Price of satellites. {draw:line} (Demand) PMC * {draw:line} {draw:line} * Optimum {draw:line} (Supply) PMB=SMB {draw:line} Q optimum* *Q * * *Q=No. of satellites launched We could conclude from the article that the socially optimal outcome is not being achieved due to the negative externalities. b) The article suggests as solution*s* to achieve socially optimal amou*nt of space debris* to: Create â€Å"International civil satellite-awareness system†. â€Å"Countries should comply with international guidelines to minimize the amount of debris created by launches† A moratorium on debris-creating anti-satellite tests Satellite launchers buying insurance. By agreeing to the policies the main aim would be to ‘internalize the externality’. Meaning the satellite producers taking into account the social costs and benefits of their decisions. The first policy would work by increasing the awareness of the problem of debris in space and therefore giving an incentive for producers to think twice on a moral level before producing the satellites. If this worked the PMC would decrease in quantity to meet the optimum at SMC. The second policy would work by governments implementing a tax which will equate PMC and SMC. By putting a tax on a certain amount of debris released through launches the SMC is forced to meet PMC, and has low cost to society. This tax should give producers of active satellites and the launches an economic incentive to reduce the amount of debris being released into space. Another option from the second policy would be to regulate the quantity of satellites being launched or to regulate the quantity of debris being released. This could involve the government telling the producers of satellites to reduce the quantity of satellites launches or debris being released. The third policy would work by the government placing a ban on all anti-satellite tests which are heavy releasers of debris. Banning one type of satellite would reduce the overall amount of satellites launched causing the PMC to approach the social optimum. The fourth policy would works by the insurance acting like a tax. Buying insurance acts like a tax that will increase PMC to social optimum. . c) The free rider problem: The free rider problem in the article is where the ‘orbit is open to anyone with a launch-rocket handy’, therefore some countries may improve their own well being by ‘bearing the costs of wellbeing’ while leaving other countries to pay for the debris, and causing those ‘bearing the costs’ to ‘reap the benefits’. The free rider problem comes from the fact that a public good is â€Å"non-excludable†. It’s when decision makers own well being can be improved by making others pay for the good. Satellite launches are public goods because they are neither excludable nor rivalrous in consumption. People cannot be prevented from using a satellite launcher and one persons use does not reduce another persons use of it. Solutions: Government supplies satellite launches. The government takes over as supplier of satellite launches. They must calculate the SMB and SMC deciding on an efficient quantity, keeping in mind the willingness to pay of satellite launch consumers. Then, using the Lindahl tax the government could finance provision of the satellite launchers by asking consumers with higher revenue to pay more. This means that consumers share of the Social marginal benefit is multiplied by the cost of the launcher. (SMB x Cost=Lindahl tax). The government provides increased incentive to supply clean satellite launchers by assigning property rights. Involves assigning ownership of launchers to certain suppliers who can charge other consumers for using the launchers. QUESTION 2: Relative importance of fixed costs and variable costs in the retail grocery industry? A key part of knowing how much to produce to be profitable comes from how the costs will vary with the level of production. In a large scale firm like coles and Woolworths, it is necessary to produce large quantities. The average fixed costs will decrease as the quantity produced increases. Eg. Say we are looking at labour as a fixed cost. As volume of foods produced increases, there is a diminishing marginal cost of labour as the increase in total cost that arises from extra units of food produced is gradually getting smaller. If both variable costs and average costs are kept to a minimum the total cost will be most profitable. By keeping the fixed costs down using methods of productivity improvement such as electronic self service, the Average fixed cost will be at a minimum causing the average total cost to be at a minimum therefore cost saving. Variable costs are inevitably going to rise with the increase in quantity of sales, however with the total revenue should still outweigh the total costs if the fixed costs are kept at a minimum and the sales volume kept high. {draw:line} ATC AVC AFC {draw:line} Small quantity Large quantity Why structure of costs in retail grocery industry is important for understanding the profitability of firms? For large scale companies like Coles and Woolworths to be profitable the amount of fixed costs needs to balance with the sales volume. These companies are forever trying to maximize their profits; a good strategy to do this is by focusing on cost savings rather than cutting costs. By cost saving, the retail grocers will invest to gain productivity, therefore becoming more efficient and offering the customers more. Eventually in the cycle sales growth increases therefore expanding the profitability. Investing to gain productivity will bring the fixed costs down in the long run and as a result produce a smart distribution chain. If Coles/woolworths has a high fixed cost and the sale volume is decreasing, the company’s profitability will be difficult to maintain hence a high fixed cost must have large sales volume. QUESTION 3: a) Why private schools would want to increase school fees in response to an increase in teacher *saleries*? If we assume that demand for private school remains the same but the schools costs increase we can examine what will happen to profit using MB/MC rule. draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} $ MC $ MC {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} Price * ATC* ATC {draw:line} * * D {draw:line} ATC D MR {draw:line} {draw:line} MR q q No increase in teacher salaries Increase in teacher salaries Profit equals the Price minus average total cost X the quantity. If the teachersâ €™ salaries increase, this will cause the Average total cost(ATC) to increase causing the firms overall costs to increase. Therefore the profit being derived from the Price minus the newly high ATC multiplied by the quantity the total profit, will result in the school receiving less profit. By increasing the price of school fees, the increase in costs is equalised by the increase in price, therefore, with a higher price, the profit of the school will remain the same. â€Å"With the impact of the economic downturn tempering fee rises Here we assume the demand will change with the impact of the economic downturn however we will assume that costs remain the same. The economic downturn will cause an inward shift in the demand curve as there is a decline in demand for private school education. The Marginal revenue will shift with the demand curve as a decrease in demand also results in a decrease in marginal revenue. Therefore, this shift in demand will cause the price of Private School fees to decrease {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} $ MC {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} Price {draw:line} ATC * D1* {draw:line} ATC D2 {draw:line} MR q QUESTION 4: Main explanations for why market power of the ‘big four’ banks in Australia has* increased? *Reduction in competition. * In a more competitive situation, which we hope will occur again soon, competition between the big 4 banks, smaller banks and their customers is consistent causing the prices to be competitive and the market power at a reasonable medium level. The big 4 banks have recently been less of a threat to each other mainly due to the financial crisis taking â€Å"out the non-bank lenders for housing† which means the larger banks have more necessity. And by taking over two smaller banks, they have reduced the smaller competition. The necessity of the banks and lack of smaller bank competition means the market power for the ‘big four’ increases. *More constraint. * People are keeping with their current banks due to being â€Å"expensive and time-consuming† to shift loans and bank accounts between the ‘big four’. This financial burden holds them to their banks taking the power away from the consumers and giving the banks control over market prices. Explain how the banks greater market power allows them to ‘raise their rate of profit’. Reduction in competition means that if the banks increase their prices, such as the variable mortgage rate (0. 2 percentage points) they will not lose customers. Because of the lack in competition the banks have heightened their market power to the point where the banks can increase their prices(mark up), without impacting on their customers. Thus, the quantity demanded for banks responds little to the price deeming it relatively price inelastic. With higher prices, the Price minus the ATC will be higher therefore raising their profit. More constraint means that other firms are less price competitive because their customers will be unlikely to switch banks due to it being ‘expensive and time consuming to shift loans and bank accounts’. The constraint to banks causes the consumer demand to become very price inelastic, this is because an increase in price would not severely impact on the demand to switch to another bank because of the cost in doing so. PART 2 â€Å"Why are Melbourne University Colleges significantly more expensive than other colleges when they offer similar *services? † The on campus catered residential housing, otherwise known as ‘colleges’ prove to show some vast differences in fee pricing. When comparing ANU’s colleges to the University of Melbourne’s, Melbourne proved to have significantly higher fees. To attend a Melbourne University College as an undergraduate the prices range from $18,200 to $21,051 over the year1 which can be to a $505. 55 to $58 4. 84 weekly fee1. At an ANU college the undergraduate weekly fee is from $297. 50(Ursula Hall) to $305 (Burgmann College)2. Considering they both offer similar services, food, bedrooms, amenities, gym, library, on campus, tutorial services, social and sporting events we can look to the market forces of demand and supply, as well as elasticity for an economic explanation. DEMAND The Melbourne University colleges to many students about to begin university are considered an essential to forming strong relationships as well as giving extra support academically (especially being in a whole new academic system). They offer many services from full food and board to a gym and intercollege sporting events. College is commonly referred to as ‘the best years of your life’ and so many want to experience it. Most students come from regional areas and some from foreign countries, these students have the necessity to find accommodation in Melbourne so college responds to this need. Putting these aspects together we can understand why there in an increase in demand for a place at a Melbourne University College (see below). {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P S {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P*2 {draw:line} {draw:line} P* {draw:line} D1 D2 Q? Q2 Q Consequently an increase in demand for Melbourne Uni College results in an increase in price/fees and an increase in the quantity of places demanded. ANU Colleges offering the same or similar services and opportunities as Melbourne Uni also has a high demand to get into college, however they differ in the number of places available and the elasticity. BOTTLENECK Despite the heavy demand for a place at college there are a limited number of places available. With more people willing to get in than places, a bottleneck is placed on supply and increases the prices (similar to a firm with monopoly power). This can be represented like a quota, with the quota as the restriction on available accommodation. *Accommodation at Melbourne Uni* Colleges {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P {draw:line} S {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} P Quota Melb Uni {draw:line} {draw:line} P*ANU {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} D {draw:line} {draw:line} Q*ANU Q Q Quota, Melb uni. At ANU, there is a guarantee that all interstate or regional students will be given accommodation, so the restriction on accommodation doesn’t exist hence the price being lower than Melbourne Uni. Also, the price of land in Parkville, close to the city in the heart of Melbourne automatically means the price of land will be ELASTICITY The Melbourne University Colleges in some cases are filled by privileged students who come from high income families whose parents consider college a necessity, are willing to support them in college despite large fees. Other students work to be able to support themselves, both categories are relatively unaffected by the price. This means there is an inelastic demand for Melb Uni colleges. The quantity demanded of a place at Melb Uni Colleges does not respond hugely to the increase in college fees. Hence, the colleges can increase their prices and the demand will not be effected. Conversely, at ANU, despite the demand still being rather inelastic, it is more elastic than Melbourne Uni Colleges. ANU has a wider socio economic intake, spreading wider than Melb Uni from high income families to low income families so the quantity demanded in their colleges will more likely be swayed by pricing. Hence it is more important to maintain a competitive and lower price. draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P2 P1 {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} D(UM) D (ANU) {draw:custom-shape} {draw:custom-shape} Q2 Q1Q1Q2 REFERENCES: http://www. colleges. unimelb. edu. au/assets/uploads/Comparative-Costs-2010. pdf University of Melbourne, ICC (2010). _Comparative Costs. _ http://accom. anu. edu. au/UAS/2340/ver sion/1/part/4/data/ANU%20Hall%20and%20College%20Fee%20Summary%202010%20v5. pdf? branch=main&language=default Australian National University, 2010. ANU Hall and fee summary.

Disgrace by Coetzee

This paper will discuss and evaluate the changes that the main character David Lurie goes through in the novel Disgrace by Coetzee. It would also cover as how it reflects the changing times in South Africa and its affects on other characters in the novel. In Disgrace by Coetzee, Lurie is a man who has various levels of character evaluation. He went through various phases of changes. At one time, he seems to be contemptuous of others, uses his position to take what he wants and to justify the taking. On the other level, in parallel, he is a white South African male forced to re-evaluate his entire world when he thinks he is too old for change.In the novel â€Å"Disgrace†, we see that 52 years old David Lurie is a professor of communications at a Cape Town University. Unfortunately, he is twice divorced and enjoys this personal opinion that having a woman has never been a problem. In this novel, he reveals various traits of his personality and character through various phases an d changes. Ultimately, he has to acknowledge that he is no longer fascinating with the passage of time; he sought the suitable services of a prostitute. This was an arrangement that finally came to an end, leaving him with no channel for his virility.He is confronted with another change in his approach and approach at this phase in the novel. David Lurie lastly induced himself that an affair with a one of his female students would not be a bad idea after all and went for it. At this stage, we observe another turn in his life. The complaint of sexual harassment by the student shook his academic life upside down and he had to quit the job. As soon as he realizes this, David Lurie go through another phase of his character and leaves for the country side to an unsafe and remote farm. There, he intends to spend some time with his daughter who ran an animal refuge and sold produce and flowers.He gets himself involved in writing. Lucy is violated by gangsters and with that David's disgrace reaches its climax. David, at this critical stage and point of life, unexpectedly finds himself re-evaluating and changing his character. He reconsiders his relations with people, his affiliation with his only daughter, as well as his links with women. This change of approach and re-evaluation process reveal upon him that that love is never unreflecting rather it is always two-sided; it may be called a matter of give and take. He feels a certain kind of change in his character and approach at this specific point of time he was going through.The basic message from this novel is that the reader comes to know the generally accepted truth that a person can comprehend who he/she is only when he analyzes his past. An important change in Lurie’s character is revealed through a significant event when on his journey, Lurie is compelled to visit Melanie's family where he finally performs an act of contrition. When he finds his Cape Town home vandalized, he decides to permanently chang e his life. He returns to stay with his daughter, who is pregnant with the child of one of her attackers and living under the protection of being one of Petrus's wives.Lurie devotes himself to volunteering at the animal clinic, where he helps put down diseased and unwanted dogs, and composing his futile opera. Although not what he would ever have expected, he finds some form of life purpose. We also see Lurie in a different shade of his character when he resists to being part of the University committee's desire for â€Å"prurience and sentiment† echoes the efforts of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) which offered immunity in return for full disclosure of facts and a public show of remorse.The TRC has been internationally acclaimed for contributing to the way South Africa avoided a civil war. The change in his character transpires when Lurie finally apologizes, members of the tribunal refuse to be satisfied, demanding to know whether it reflects his sincere feeli ngs and comes from his heart: â€Å"Confessions, apologies: why this thirst for abasement? † Lurie asks himself. We see that he enjoys various virtues and traits of character during different phases of his life.David Lurie could save his job if he simply expressed the kind of repentance demanded of him by the university disciplinary board that has authority over him. He seems a different Lurie at this stage. We find ourselves sympathizing with the reasons he gives for not giving them what they want when he says: We went through the repentance business yesterday. I told you what I thought. I won't do it. I appeared before an officially constituted tribunal, before a branch of the law. Before that secular tribunal I pleaded guilty, a secular plea. That plea should suffice.Repentance is neither here nor there. Repentance belongs to another world, to another universe of discourse†¦. [What you are asking] reminds me too much of Mao's China. Recantation, self-criticism, public apology. I'm old fashioned, I would prefer simply to be put against a wall and shot. (Coetzee, 1999, p. 58) There is not a word about the ethical conflict between lust and abuse of academic power. And there is no hint that the protagonist thinks he has committed an act genuinely subject to ethical objection. As regards to the same inclination, we also find a somewhat more honest confrontation.A South African professor of English is caught imposing sex upon a beautiful student enrolled in his â€Å"Romantic Literature† course. Here, he seems a different kind of person persuading a young girl to fulfill his lustrous desires. When he first proposes that she â€Å"spend the night† with him, she asks â€Å"Why? † and he answers, â€Å"Because you ought to. † â€Å"Why ought I to? † â€Å"Why? Because a woman’s beauty does not belong to her alone. It is part of the bounty she brings into the world. She has a duty to share it†¦. † â₠¬Å"And what if I already share it? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then you should share it more widely. † (Coetzee, 1999, p. 16) Conclusion In depicting the characteristic evolution of David Lurie's fall and rise, Coetzee uses his typically spare prose to great effect. Sometimes, the accusation of using stereotypes confuses Coetzee's habit of avoiding unnecessary detail with racial typecasting. If we are to believe that Coetzee is casting all black men as immoral, rapists and liars, then surely it would be equally true that we are to believe that all white men are academic Lotharios who spend their time sexually harassing students.On the contrary, by following the downfall of one man Coetzee is drawing attention to South Africa's dilemma of striving for color-blind equality in the immediate aftermath of decades of institutionalized racial discrimination. The evolutionary changes in the main character of the novel have been connoted in over all opera of contrasts based setting of the nov el. The existence of contrast should not be taken to suggest, however, that these are two entirely separable ways of working with cultural materials; the point at which making becomes creating, or creating reverts to making, is never predictable, and can be assigned only after the fact.It is often a gradual process of false starts and wasted efforts, erasures and revisions, slowly inching nearer to an outcome that, one can only hope, will be the desired one, or arriving at it in fits and starts. We may quote from Coetzee's Disgrace again, though this description of David Lurie's composition of a chamber opera is the echo of thousands of similar accounts across a number of fields. This reflects and suggests change in his character.

Why Should We Vote essays

Why Should We Vote essays The word vote causes many different reactions from people. Some become aggressive and begin to express their opinions on various political issues while others try to avoid the topic completely. However, there is a vast majority who rely on pat answers to support their neglect in voting. They use excuses such as, it doesnt matter if they vote or not because their one vote couldnt possibly make a difference. They say they dont understand politics its just too confusing. Some feel that politicians are crooks so they need not bother voting at all. These are just a few of the common excuses heard from people who do not vote. All of these excuses surely wont make a difference in an election but one vote definitely will. There have been many close elections in history that would have had a different outcome if only one percent more had voted. The Presidential election of Kennedy vs. Nixon is a good example. That election was decided by Illinois with an average of only two voters per precinct. This small percentage of voters gave Kennedy victory over his opponent and put him in office. Many politicians spend millions of dollars on their campaign in an attempt to get as many votes as possible. There are many politicians like Ross Perot who do not think twice about spending money to attract prospective voters. In the 1992 presidential election Perot spent a phenomenal 71 million dollars to campaign for President. So, it is evident that politicians know that every vote they can attract will make a difference in the outcome of elections. Our society seems to have lost interest in politics for several reasons, some feel that our present leaders dont attempt to accomplish anything while in office and others feel they have been lied to so often they have forfeited their right to be trusted all together. What they dont understand is that voting and politic ...

Platos Crito Guide and Synopsis

Plato's 'Crito' Guide and Synopsis Platos dialogue Crito is a composition originating in 360 B.C.E. that depicts a conversation between Socrates and his rich friend Crito in a prison cell in Athens in the year 399 B.C.E. The dialogue covers the topic of justice, injustice and the appropriate response to both. By setting forth an argument appealing to rational reflection rather than emotional response, the character of Socrates explains the ramifications and justifications of a prison escape for the two friends. Plot Synopsis The setting for Platos dialog Crito  is Socrates prison cell in Athens in 399 B.C.E. A few weeks earlier Socrates had been found guilty of corrupting the youth with irreligion and sentenced to death.  He received the sentence with his usual equanimity, but his friends are desperate to save him. Socrates has been spared so far because Athens does not carry out executions while the annual mission it sends to Delos to commemorate Theseus legendary victory over the minotaur is still away. However, the mission is expected back in the next day or so. Knowing this, Crito has come to urge Socrates to escape while there is still time. To Socrates, escape is certainly a viable option. Crito is rich; the guards can be bribed; and if Socrates were to escape and flee to another city, his prosecutors wouldnt mind.  In effect, he would have gone into exile, and that would probably be good enough for them. Crito lays out several reasons for why he should escape including that their enemies would think his friends were too cheap or timid to arrange for him to escape, that he would be giving his enemies what they want by dying and that he has a responsibility to his children to not leave them fatherless. Socrates responds by saying, first of all, that how one acts should be decided by rational reflection, not by appeals to emotion. This has always been his approach, and he is not going to abandon it just because his circumstances have changed. He dismisses out of hand Critos anxiety about what other people will think. Moral questions should not be referred to the opinion of the majority; the only opinions that matter are the opinions of those who possess moral wisdom and really understand the nature of virtue and justice. In the same way, he pushes aside such considerations as how much escaping would cost, or how likely it is that the plan would succeed. Such questions are all utterly irrelevant.  The only question that matters is: would trying to escape be morally right or morally wrong? Argument For Morality Socrates, therefore, constructs an argument for the morality of escaping by saying that first, one is never justified in doing what is morally wrong, even in self-defense or in retaliation for an injury or injustice suffered. Further, it is always wrong to break an agreement one has made. In this, Socrates posits that he has made an implicit agreement with Athens and its laws because he has enjoyed seventy years of all the good things they provide including security, social stability, education, and culture.  Before his arrest, he further posits he never found fault with any of the laws or tried to change them, nor has he left the city to go and live somewhere else. Instead, he has chosen to spend his whole life living in Athens and enjoying the protection of its laws. Escaping would, therefore, be a breach of his agreement to the laws of Athens and it would, in fact, be worse: it would be an act that threatens to destroy the authority of the laws. Therefore, Socrates states that to try to avoid his sentence by escaping from prison would be morally wrong. Respect for the Law The crux of the argument is made memorable by being put into the mouth of the Laws of Athens who Socrates imagines personified and coming to question him about the idea of escaping. Furthermore, subsidiary arguments are embedded in the main arguments outlined above. For instance, the Laws claim that citizens owe them the same sort of obedience and respect that children owe their parents. They also paint a picture of how things would appear if Socrates, the great moral philosopher who has spent his life talking so earnestly about virtue, to don a ridiculous disguise and run away to another city just to secure a few more years of life. The argument that those who benefit from the state and its laws have a duty to respect those laws even when doing so seems against their immediate self-interest is cogent, easy to grasp and is probably still accepted by most people today. The idea that the citizens of a state, by living there, make an implicit covenant with the state, has also been tremendously influential and is a central tenet of social contract theory as well as popular immigration policies with respect to freedom of religion. Running through the whole dialog, though, one hears the same argument that Socrates gave to the jurors at his trial. He is who he is: a philosopher engaged in the pursuit of truth and the cultivation of virtue. He is not going to change, regardless of what other people think of him or threaten to do to him. His whole life exhibits a distinctive integrity, and he is determined that it will stay that way to the very end, even if it means staying in prison until his death

Proto-Miob Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proto-Miob - Essay Example Herein, both sides of the arguments will be considered with the intention of proving to the reader that the removing the smoking ban is a better option than maintaining it. According to Singleton, a spokesman for Reynolds American, it should be the decision of the establishment owners to decide if they want to uphold the rules on the environment (Winslow). The anti-smoking ban group â€Å"NYC Clash, Citizens Lobbying Against Smoker Harassment† stated after the ban was upheld by as new york judge that these laws are vague and infringe the smokers’ rights by violating the 1st and 14th amendments. It denies them the freedom to choose how they live since smoking is a personal choice and since the smokers are aware of the risks; the government has no business dictating how and when they smoke. Furthermore, according to Winslow, several thousand nonsmokers die due to conditions attributed to second hand smoke hence giving credence to the argument that cigarette smoking harms not just the smokers but their neighbors. Statistics show that bans on cigarette smoking have caused drastic reductions on the levels of cancer by an average 17% with the greatest drop being witnessed in nonsmokers (Winslow 2009). This is ample evidence that smoker do not only jeopardize their health but that of those who do not smoke hence the need for a ban. Notwithstanding, many people claim that smoking is their right, and any attempts to ban them from engaging are tantamount to infringing their freedom because they believe they should be able to move anywhere they want, more so in public, and restrictions on this are unconstitutional. Smokers hence claim that, banning smoking in public is an infringement on their freedom. However, proponents of the ban argue in the opposite direction they hold that it the rights of nonsmokers which will be infringed upon if they smoke bans are disallowed they will lose their right to live in a clean and healthy environment due to the dangerous effects of secondhand smoke. In addition, the city health officer, Thomas Friedman argued that, the â€Å"Smoke Free Air Act† was intended to protect the city resident’s health from the effect of secondhand smoke. To this effect, arguments have been made to prove that workers in bars and restaurants are vulnerable to the effects the many cigarettes being smoked in the premises. Therefore, as a potential health hazard in the workplace, the ban on public smoking is very much justified. Cigarettes pose a health threat not only because of the diseases they can cause but also as a fire hazard, since poor disposal of glowing butts can lead to fires resulting in the destruction of life and property (Dillenberger 1). On the other hand, several NYC claim that smokers’ personal lives are private, and the government has no right to interfere with it. Those in support of this argument state that people who are banned from public smoking are being marginalized by these bans. They state that it is wrong for the government to interfere with liberty and personal freedom of an individual all in the name of protecting the health of the public when many nonsmokers do even worse to their own bodies’ every day through other activities (Saulny 2004). In addition, the other argument against public

What are the principal institutions of the European Union To what Assignment

What are the principal institutions of the European Union To what extent do these institutions engage with the sources of EU law - Assignment Example The parliament runs for a period of five years and then elections held. The origin of the European Union was the steel and coal community. Its formulation took place in 1950s and has grown tremendously to what called the European Union. The administration of the European Union cannot be done by a single body but a series of institutions. They have recorded growth since 1960s. In these institutions, there are three political bodies which have the legislative and executive power in the Union (Peterson and Shackleton 2012, p. 115). One of the bodies that form the European Union is the parliament. It is in Strasburg basis, and it is an elected body. The members of this body also called the MEPs for the members of the European parliament. The voters of the member states elect these members. However, there is no seriousness among the citizens in voting these members and law turn out can be put in records. The European Union is a consultant body and not a legislative body. It consultation on the issues that influence changes and also policy suggestion lies on this body. However, it cannot introduce these policies. This can only be done by the commission. The parliament holds two powers, but it is almost unlikely that they can ever practice them. The parliament has the power to dispose the budget, but this could be difficult with the centralized currency. It would stop all the tasks of the union and break the whole idea of working together of the European countries. When crashes between the two bodies occur it woul d give an advantage to the anti European countries. This is as a result of weakening of the fabric (Peterson and Shackleton 2012, p. 117). Another power that is in possession of the parliament is the right to dismantle the commission. If two thirds of the members of parliament vote for this, it could happen. The results of this would be huge chaos, and they cannot allow it to happen. The parliaments member’s election is for a term of five

The Weaknesses and impact of Education administration Essay

The Weaknesses and impact of Education administration - Essay Example As a result, there have been various policies, as well as reforms that have been advocated so as to improve education and foster economic capacity. All these efforts are an acknowledgement of the existent education disparities. However, there are still a lot that is needed to realize the potential. In some cases, education has been presented to serve a purpose that is opposite the intended one. According to CORI Justice, Education can be a powerful force in counteracting inequality and poverty but in many ways, the present education system has quite the opposite effect' (socio-Economic Review 2008). As far education disparities along the racial lines are concerns, the achievements between the native and the non-native populations is widely inferred. Indeed, it is agreeable that there have been disparities between the aboriginal and the non-aboriginal groups for quite some time. These disparities have been described as the legacy of colonialism. Colonization processes are associated w ith profound consequences on the colonized societies. Colonial legacies, which now come in the form of government policies, have seen individuals disperse from the tribal and clan inclinations. The eventuality of this has been the continuous fragmentation of the cultures belonging to the aboriginal people. There have been concerns that the fragmentation of culture and the struggle to adapt to the new way of life has been accompanied by social, as well as economic instability. As such, the disintegration of

Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders

Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders This particular paper is based on the stakeholders perspective towards a CSR. The arguments in this paper include the stakeholder theory, stakeholders and CSR relations and finally the stakeholders perspective on CSR. Corporate social responsibility has evolved as a global phenomenon that encompasses businesses, consumers, governments, and civil society, and many organizations. There are various definitions proposed by various researchers for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), but still it remains an uncertain and is poorly defined with few explanations. First, the issues that a CSR must address should be easily interpreted so that it includes virtually everyone and everything. Second, with its unique, often particular characteristics, different stakeholder groups tend to focus only on specific issues that they believe are the most appropriate and relevant in organizations corporate social responsibility programs. Thus, the beliefs about what constitutes a socially responsible and sustainable organization depend on the perspective of the stakeholder.  This will be further elaborated in the later parts of the paper. Defining Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholders Although the most basic of definition CSR describes it as a social obligation for an organization (Bowen, 1953), which is conceptually and operationally diverse. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication Making Good Business Sense  by Lord Holme and Richard Watts, used the following definition (Mallens CSR blog). Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Stakeholders are described broadly by Freeman and Reed (1983) as any identifiable group or individual who can affect the achievement of an organizations objectives or who is affected by the achievement of an organizations objectives. In other words, a  person,  group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the  organizations  actions,  objectives, and  policies. Key stakeholders in a business organisation include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Although stake-holding is usually self-legitimizing (those who  judge  themselves to be stakeholders are stakeholder), all stakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example, a companys customers are entitled to fair trading  practices  but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the companys employees. Stakeholder Theory As noted previously, the term stakeholder stands for concerned constituencies who are affected by or able to affect a corporation (Freeman Reed, 1983). Stakeholder as an umbrella term for groups with a vested interest in an organization includes customers, employees, business partners, communities, investors and the environment. The theoretical framework of this paper reflecting stakeholders perspective is thus based primarily on stakeholder theory. Stakeholder theory of the firm proposes that the nature of an organizations stakeholders, their values, their relative influence on decisions and the nature of the situation are all relevant information for predicting organizational behaviour and outcomes (Brenner and Cochran, 1991). The objectives of a corporation can only be achieved by protecting and balancing the interests of these different groups of stakeholders. The pluralistic nature of stakeholder theory is based on the notion that there are many groups in society besides owners and employees to whom the corporation is responsible (Freeman, 1999). As a descriptive theory, stakeholder theory has been used to describe the nature of the firm (Brenner and Cochran, 1991), management of corporations, and how board directors think about the interests of corporate constituencies. From an instrumental perspective , the theory is used to identify the connection between stakeholder management and the achievement of corporate social responsibility (Kotter and Heskett, 1992). In this respect, the theory can be regarded as a perspective of the firm that focuses on the question of which stakeholders deserve or require management attention. Concern for Stakeholders The concern for stakeholders by corporate leaders is expected to have a significant influence on the formulation and implementation of a firms strategy (Frooman, 1991). Such a concern will also have significant impact on how the strategies an organization uses to deal with multiple stakeholders will change as the organization evolves through the stages of formation, growth, maturity, and decline or revival. This will provide a relevant framework for assessing the roles, rights, responsibilities, and legitimacies of different actors in the interaction between organizations and their environment (Freeman, 1999). The concern for stakeholders by corporate directors has some important implications for corporate governance. Corporations can be more responsive to the interests of society as a whole by incorporating the participation of stakeholders in their boards of directors. The stakeholder approach to the role of the governing board expects the organization leaders, such as corporate di rectors, to negotiate and compromise with stakeholders in the interest of the corporation. Stakeholder Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility The prevalence of stakeholder theory is grounded in the belief that CSR-stakeholder relationships are the essential assets that corporates must manage. While CSR aims to define what responsibilities business ought to fulfil, the stakeholder concept addresses the issue of whom business is or should be accountable to. Both concepts are closely inter-related. However, while the CSR concept still suffers from a level of abstraction, the stakeholder approach offers a practical alternative for assessing the performance of firms as well as the key stakeholder groups. Stakeholder theory has accordingly witnessed a new revival and dominance in the context of CSR. Brenner and Chochran suggested as early as 1991 that stakeholder theory holds the promise of becoming the theoretical centre-piece in a field that is searching for workable paradigms. Doh and Guay (2006) similarly find the adoption of a stakeholder model as a potentially appropriate and insightful theoretical lens, given its ability to systematically identify social stakeholder issues, and establish specific measures of performance. An organizations stakeholder management data can thus be gathered and compared to other firms within and across industries, making social auditing for internal and external use both practical and possible. Along these lines, this paper has tried to make the case for a stakeholder approach to CSR, by arguing that: (1) Stakeholder theory in all its three veins or branches can bring to the fore a set of new insights for CSR academics and practitioners; (2) The language of stakeholder theory is easy to grasp by corporates as most firms understand and define obligations and responsibilities as well as their traditional stakeholders; and (3) Stakeholder theory seems easier to plan in collecting and analysing CSR data as evidenced by the proliferation of empirical studies that have essentially integrated a stakeholder approach to CSR. It thus increasingly represents a concrete alternative to traditional models. It is also noticed that the stakeholder management is affected by the relational attributes of stakeholders and the pressures they can exert on corporations, while also noting the increased proficiency of corporates in balancing a broader range of stakeholder interests. CSR in the Stakeholders Perspective Corporate now has spent decades to promote not only a firms economic but also a social responsibility. This challenged a discussion in corporations what corporate responsibility should be. In the past, the CSR approach was useful to foster these important discussions and thus it is important to analyse it from different perspectives, for what CSRs should be responsible. It seems that the CSR responsibilities are not very promising to understand real-world situations for three main reasons. First, the concept of CSR itself is not distinguishable as most decisions of businesses are not purely economic, legal, ethical, or philanthropic. Consequently and by agreeing with Freeman (1994), the separation of economic and social responsibilities to which the CSR approach contributes is rejected. Second, another argument raised by Freeman (2004) against the CSR concept comes in the form of a risk that business could treat their CSR activities as moral substitutes to compensate for other irresp onsible activities. And third, we argue that the general responsibilities implied by the CSR approach cant neither account for the specificity of an individual firm nor for the specific stakeholder network where it is embedded in. Summing up, it can be claimed, similar to Freeman (2004) that corporate responsibility should refer to a firms strategically relevant stakeholders. Thus, mainly the instrumental framework of the stakeholders view, that sees strategic stakeholders as the core of corporate wealth creation. Within the stakeholder view, stakeholders can be defined as all individuals and constituencies that contribute, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to its wealth-creating capacity and activities, and are therefore its potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers. Based on this definition the stakeholders can be distinguished in four categories: benefit-providers/receivers and/or risk-providers/bearers. This comprehensive stakeholder perspective not only considers resource-based (e.g. employees, investors) and market-based stakeholders (e.g. customers, business partners, competitors) but also social and political stakeholders (e.g. government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) media). The stakeholder view framework is used here because its normative core i.e., a comprehensive understanding of property rights is one of the most important principles of our society (Friedman, 1970). The stakeholder view enhances the idea of property right to not only those parties who provide financial resources but also to all those that contribute other firm-specific investments such as knowledge, networks etc. We argue that such a consideration of stakeholders as those individuals and groups that contribute to the firms wealth creation process can serve as a useful foundation for thinking about corporate responsibilities. It is thereby important that this wealth creation process is not viewed in a one-sided fashion from the corporations perspective, but also from the stakeholders perspective. The corporation is only legitimized in its existence if it creates wealth for and with its strategic stakeholders. Therefore in the stakeholder view, the origin for the responsibility concerning firms stakeholders is based on their existence and position within the corporate wealth creation process. In the stakeholder view, the stakeholders ought to participate because corporate wealth distribution is organized according to the stakeholders contributions and their risk adoption in the wealth creation process. Similar to the shareholders who are compensated for the use of their capital and the risk involved, all other relevant stakeholders ought to be included in the wealth distribution. After the expenditures have been compensated according to the complete contracts, a residual profit emerges from which not only the shareholders, but also all other strategically relevant stakeholders should benefit. In reality, the assessment of all these values is not necessarily predetermined. Rather, scopes of discretion exist, as can be experienced in determining the compensation of shareholders. Thus, the dissemination of residual profits to the stakeholders is subject to scope of discretion. Summing up, the stakeholder view claims for a corporate responsibility that takes into account stakeholders contributions to the corporate wealth creation process. Therefore, the firm is responsible to reduce risk and increase benefits for stakeholders at one side but also for a fair distribution of benefits at the other side.