Politics of Illegal Immigration

Politics of Illegal Immigration Topic 3 – Illegal Migration to Europe by Sea Synopsis: Illegal migration, â€Å"the presence on territory of a Member State, of a third-country national who does not fulfill, or no longer fulfils the conditions of entry as set out in Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code or other conditions for the entry, stay or residence in that Member State†[1], is a pressing reality for the European Union and will increasingly affect a wide range of issues. The significance and complexity of illegal immigration by sea is rivaled only by the lethargy with which EU institutions and member state governments have acted. This document will provide a background of the current situation, introduce and explain relevant EU institutions and briefly explain the effects that illegal migration by sea has on the EU system. In confronting these challenges at the eleventh annual Chicago International Model United Nations, delegates should recall the words of Chicago’s master urban planner, Daniel Burnham: â€Å"Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir mens blood and probably will not themselves be realized† Background of Illegal Migration by Sea: In assessing the status of migration to Europe by sea, it can be affirmatively stated as existing in a state of permanent crisis. The Migration Policy Centre further cautions that the relationship between challenge and opportunity in migration as a whole is unbalanced by illegal sea migration, and notes in its annual report to the EU that â€Å"while well-managed migration may foster progress and welfare in origin- as well as destination countries, its mismanagement may put social cohesion, security and national sovereignty at risk†.[2] The Migration Policy Institute[3] delves into more details and articulates some of the key aspects of this crisis, citing the negative impact of â€Å"undermining the rule of law, fostering labor exploitation, increasing poverty (by taking jobs away from native workers or adding to the numbers of poor in a country) , and putting pressure on public services.†[4] Operating within this state of affairs is the current situation in 2014, which the EU’s external border security agency Frontex’s[5] annual risk analysis calculates to be a record-breaking year for illegal sea (as well as air and land) migration.[6] In its report, Frontex notes that: â€Å"Migration towards the EU in 2013 was characterised [sic] by three main phenomena: a significant increase in the number of Syrians arriving, a steady flow of migrants departing from North Africa and heading across the Mediterranean to Italy, and a sharp increase in detections of irregular migrants on the Western Balkan route.† This seemingly ever increasing volume of migrants finds its constant in its ever changing composition. Separated by geography and language, thousands of illegal migrants attempt the journey into the EU for the same reasons. In an effort to be readily accessible to delegates, these reasons are briefly and broadly listed here: War and other forms of violent conflict/civil breakdown Fleeing human rights abuses, including but not limited to: Genocide/Massacres/Ethnic Cleansing Political/Religious/Societal persecution Trafficking/Child Labor/Slavery Economic chaos Delegates should continue to be mindful that this list is neither intended to, nor is, a comprehensive summation of the motivations and external factors behind illegal migration by sea (or any other route) into the EU. Geopolitics of Illegal Migration by Sea Given the geopolitical nature of migration, a visual data map is useful in understanding written analysis in terms of distance, geography and other, more human factors. In addition to understanding the data map provided here, delegates would be prudent to seek out and understand a variety of maps and data. Illegal migration by sea into Europe makes international headlines regularly and EU policymakers have been under both political and public pressure for several years now. However, the national governments of EU member-states respond to illegal migration in a wide variety of ways. As the Schengen Agreement[7] has removed internal borders, it is the external border that requires extensive collaboration between national and EU institutions[8]. Frontex’s annual reports provide greater understanding of the macro-level patterns of migration. One of the important things that can be discerned from the reports is that while the migrant corridors are constant (such is the nature of geography), their appeal is volatile and subject to change with the tides and crosscurrents of European, African and Middle Eastern geopolitics. In 2009, the greatest number of illegal migrants entered the EU after coming ashore in Albania. In 2012, this eastern Mediterranean route had shifted south to Greece . In 2013 and at the time of this writing in 2014, the majority of sea-faring migrants seek to reach Europe through Italy, Malta, Spain or Greece. [9] For these migrants, UNHCR data indicates that the most common current starting point is Libya.[10] Libya’s attractive qualities include a present state of lawlessness and a long, unpatrolled Mediterranean coastline. Terminology As with any complex issue involving the institutions and apparatuses of a bureaucracy, illegal migration to Europe by sea is fraught with important differences in terminology. There are currently 28 EU member-states, resulting in 28 different immigration policies. And while the MPI notes that that some of the elements of those 28 systems are â€Å"in the process of harmonization (notably asylum)†[11] it concludes that â€Å"ultimately, unauthorized migrates are categorized as such by the states into which they migrate, and EU Member States have not reached a common definition of this migrant population†. [12] In this climate of disharmony among the member-states, this section is intended to provide delegates with introductory remarks pertaining to some of the tools the EU and member-states employ with regards to the topic at hand. MARE NOSTRUM A military/humanitarian effort by Italy that operates in the Mediterranean. Launched in response to a highly published episode in October 2013 during which 360 drowned off the coast of Lampedusa, a small Italian island situated half-way between Sicily and Africa, Mare Nostrum has been a humanitarian success[13] and an economic burden Italy resents. In the same vein, Mare Nostrum is not only a drastic reversal of a long standing Italian policy on returning migrants at sea to Libya, but a point of contention between Italy and the EU. During an August 2014 G6 meeting, Italy’s interior minister, Angelino Alfano held a press conference during which he stated that â€Å"with regard to immigration, Italy has once again shown itself to be a world champion in hospitality, But he added that, if the European Union and its border management agency did not take over the operation, the Italian government will have to take decisions on the matter[14]. FRONTEX Officially, the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, Frontex â€Å"promotes, coordinates and develops European border management in line with the EU fundamental rights charter applying the concept of Integrated Border Management†[15]. However, Frontex’s successes in vigorous data collection and risk analysis has been tainted by criticism of its responsibilities and parameters. For example, Frontex currently has no mandate to search for or rescue migrants at sea and has maintained that â€Å"this remains a competence of Member States†[16]. However, Frontex does have primacy in coordinating cooperation between member-states that do conduct such operations and this discrepancy is problematic, to say the least. EUROSUR Eurosur (European Border Surveillance System) is an information network designed to reduced barriers to the exchange of information between EU member-states. Specifically, information that pertains to â€Å"unauthorized border crossings and to the risks to the lives of migrants, cross border crime, crisis situations and suspect vehicles at external borders†[17]. Eurosur is slated to be fully operational by December 1, 2014. Delegates are encouraged to keep this in mind as the conference will be ongoing during the first few weeks of a full realized Eurosur. What is already readily apparent however is that Eurosur will be no more or less than what Frontex and member-states make of it? While it could prove useful in early detection and rescue of migrates, it also has the potential to bring to the fore a question that the EU, and this committee must grapple with. Namely, what specifically do to with those who have been rescued? Conclusion Illegal migration by sea gives a new name to an old problem. The movement of peoples in search of a better life. In doing so it has exposed an unnerving lack of solidarity among EU member-states even as the tools and institutions of the European Union increasingly overlap. But the union is nothing without the national governments of member-states and this conclusion leaves delegates with more questions than answers. For example, if the financial burden of sea rescue operations was spread across the EU, would the Mediterranean members expand their programs or would an EU budget merely replace, rather than complement a national one? Questions like this, as well as possible answers are to be any delegate’s most stalwart companion before and during the conference. [1] European Commission, â€Å"Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals.† Official Journal of the European Union (L 348 2008), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L2008:348:0098:0107:EN:PDE [2] http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC-RR-2013-009.pdf [3] The Migration Policy Centre is an research institution affiliated with the European University Institute, Florence while the Migration Policy Institute is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit think tank in Washington, DC [4] http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/TCM-irregular-migration-europe [5] [6] http://frontex.europa.eu/news/frontex-publishes-annual-risk-analysis-2014-wc71Jn [7] The Schengen area allows freedom of movement for all travelers, irrespective of citizenship. Schengen comprises all EU member-states with the exception of the UK and Ireland. EU member-states Cyprus, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria are legally obligated to join and are in the process of implementing the Agreement. Additionally, European Economic Area (EEA) states Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway are within Schengen. [8] http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC-RR-2013-009.pdf [9] http://frontex.europa.eu/news/frontex-publishes-annual-risk-analysis-2014-wc71Jn [10] http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/TCM-irregular-migration-europe [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] With 62,982 people rescued by the operation thus far according to figures released by Italy’s Interior Ministry [14] http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/15/italy-coalition-government-angelino-alfano-immigration-tension-mare-nostrum [15] http://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/mission-and-tasks [16] http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/200-frontex-search-rescue.pdf [17] Memo 13/864 of the European Commission of October 8, 2013

Has technology shaped our society? Essay

When we look back to the mid 1930s, we’ll see that the US was facing a very difficult time. After the gigantic losses on the New York Stock Markets, the economy was on its way to an all time low. The unemployment rates were astronomically high, leading to even worse conditions. ‘But why did this happen?’, we may wonder. Well, there is a very simple answer to that question. Just before the economical downfall, many people worked on the land, in the agraric sectors. But technology had, as it always has, a cheaper answer to the quest for lower costs. Many people were replaced by machines, making the land-owner able to provide the same amount of products with fewer workers on the land. This lead to the gigantically high unemployment rates, which on its turn lead to an extremely high amount of overproduction (after all, people with no jobs could hardly spend much money on primary and secondary needs, let alone tertiary needs). This had a great impact on society back then. Because of the great poverty, people had to change their lives. And so many people did, leading to a different kind of society, with different kinds of relations. However, not only then, but also nowadays technology has its impact on society. At present many countries in the world face a hard economic time. With large gaps in the consumers confidence in the United States and Europe the short-term prospect does not look very colorful. This, evidently, changes the way society works. Especially when one considers that we currently live in a consumer society, and when consumers lack faith, so does society. But how did we come to live in a consumers society? Let’s look back a while. After World War II, there began to evolve a large need for machines that make life easier. Cars, airplanes, household-machines (such as vacuum cleaners, ovens, microwaves), televisions, you name it and it was produced. It began to become a hype, to always have better material possesions than the people in society around you. Having the maniest, newest material possesions stated that you were wealthy. And wealthyness made people respect you. And even today, when we look at cars, cellular phones and computers we still want the  best to make an impression on the people around us. If this advancement in technology hadn’t been here society would simply have looked completely different. We would not have tried to squeeze out every cent of our incomes to pay for a vacation trip that is better and longer than last years. We would not massively have ran to our banks for even larger loanes, for which we ‘only’ have to pay 11% interest, in order to buy that all-important house on Martha’s Vineyard. If we would not have been so hungry for wealth there wouldn’t be so many poor people existent as today. In the US alone, over 17 per cent of the population lives life below the poverty line. And why? Because they didn’t realize that when they lost their jobs they wouldn’t be able to pay for their huge debts they had from their loanes. By the way, would it be a coinsidence that the US contributes the most to the technology sector, and also has the largest consumers society in the world? Surely, we realize these facts, but still we remain in the same pattern, seeking life happiness in material possesions. This pattern is all caused by the technology sector, making people want more than they can have. It has shaped our society into a consumers society.

A Brazilian Fashion Model’s Death Due to Eating Disorder

For Ana Carolina Reston Marcan was from kleinsaf been her dream to be supermodel, this dream became reality. At 21, in 2006, she made the headlines around the world. Not for her modeling career, but for her painful death, attributed to â€Å"complications due to anorexia. Jundiai town, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A brown-haired teenage girl walks on to the stage at the local beauty contest. Below, her parents, wedged at the front of a cheering audience, clap enthusiastically as a judge slips a green and white sash over their daughter's head and pronounces her the Queen of Jundiai, 1999.Her mother wasn't surprised: ‘The other girls were podgy and had bottoms,' she said later. ‘She won because she was slim and elegant. ‘ It doesn't seem an earth-shattering achievement. But for 13-year-old Ana Carolina Reston Marcan it was one step nearer her dream of becoming a supermodel. It would take Reston (who dropped Marcan from her professional name) seven years to ‘arrive', by w hich time she would be working as far afield as Hong Kong and Japan, for designers as well known as Giorgio Armani and Dior.But it was on 14 November last year that she finally crossed over from being a successful catwalk model to appearing on the cover of every magazine and newspaper in Brazil, and making headlines around the globe. Not for her modelling, but for her agonising death, attributed to ‘complications arising from anorexia'. In a year in which both ‘skinny chic' (wearing oversized clothes on tiny body frames) and the American size 00 (an emaciated UK size two, or a waist the same as a typical seven-year-old's) was the height of fashion in celebrity-land, Reston's demise seems all the more poignant.She was also the second model to die from an eating disorder during 2006. In August, at a fashion show in Uruguay, 22-year-old Luisel Ramos suffered a heart attack thought to be the result of anorexia. Although anorexia isn't the preserve of the fashion industry, it 's hardly surprising that Reston's death has shone a spotlight on the way the business treats its models, and more significantly, on how destructive our current perception of female beauty can be. Reston's short life began in Pitangueiras private hospital in Jundiai on 29 May 1985.She was born into a comfortable, middle-class family; her father, Narciso Marcan, worked for a German multinational while her mother, Miriam Reston, sold jewellery. They were neither desperately poor nor offensively rich and lived in a small but elegant bungalow on the outskirts of town. From an early age Reston wanted to be a model, partly in order to provide her family with a better life. It's not clear why she felt such responsibility, but in the early Nineties her father was diagnosed with both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and was later made redundant.Even before then, though, her mother remembers the young Reston spiriting bras and high heels from her closet and pirouetting around the house in them, asking people to take her photograph. Then one day in 1999, on the school bus home, she spotted a sign announcing a beauty contest for the Queen of Jundiai. She leapt off and signed herself up. A few weeks later she took her mother on an all expenses-paid luxury trip to Rio – her prize for winning the competition. When they returned, a fashion agent offered to introduce her to Ford, one of Brazil's top modelling agencies, for a fee of ? 100. The family accepted.Reston's career took off almost immediately and it soon became apparent that she had her eye on the big prize – becoming a supermodel, like fellow Brazilian Gisele. Reston's friends thought that for the more glamorous catwalk and editorial modelling she was, at just over 5ft 6in, too short. But she wouldn't be put off; she altered her height on her publicity shots and claimed she was just over 5ft 7in. And she seemed to get away with it. In July 2003, after four successful years at Ford, she signed to Elit e, one of the biggest agencies in Brazil, a move which catapulted her from teenage wannabe to serious model.Still Reston wanted to work abroad, and in January 2004 she finally made her first trip overseas. She was sent to Guangzhou, a Chinese city not far from Hong Kong, for three months. But although no one can pin an exact date on when she began to suffer from anorexia, one former booker, who refuses to be named, believes that it was here things started to unravel for the then 18-year-old. Reston, like so many other teenage models, travelled unaccompanied by either a personal friend or family member, someone who could help her negotiate a way through the lonely castings, where personal criticism came as standard. She arrived in China,' explains a booker, ‘and the guys looked at her and said, â€Å"You're fat. † She took this very personally. ‘ Her unhappiness was evident in the letters she sent home. In one to her mother, Reston describes arriving in ‘that big place'. She goes on: ‘I [felt] so small, the city so big. I didn't understand anything†¦ It didn't go right. I failed. ‘ Her confidence was being destroyed. Back in Brazil, Reston's descent into anorexia (which ultimately resulted in her shrinking from 8st to 6st) became all too obvious.When Laura Ancona, a journalist at the Brazilian fashion magazine Quem, befriended Reston towards the end of 2004, she sensed immediately that something was wrong. Reston, she says, only ever drank fruit juice, and after her death was found to have survived on a diet of apples and tomatoes. As Ancona recalls: ‘She said, â€Å"I can't eat any more. † She told me she tried to eat but felt like vomiting. She knew she had a problem, but didn't know what she was suffering from. I think I was the first person to explain it to her – I knew she was anorexic, because someone in my family had suffered in the same way. According to Ancona, Reston's condition was common knowledge. ‘Everyone knew she was ill,' she says. ‘The other girls, the agencies, everyone. Don't believe it when they say they didn't. ‘ Reston's aunt, Mirtes Reston, who plans to present a petition to the government demanding steps to monitor the modelling industry, is more direct. ‘These girls are white slaves,' she says. ‘We want models to have rights. At the moment they are given no pension, no support†¦ They just take the person away from their family and abandon them far away. ‘In his private clinic in Jardins, a leafy, upmarket neighbourhood of Sao Paulo, psychologist Dr Marco Antonio De Tommaso, who voluntarily runs a fortnightly drop-in clinic at two of the city's largest modelling agencies, Elite and L'Equipe, is preparing some notes on eating disorders. Tommaso has spent 11 years working with models and given consultations to nearly 2,000 of them, including some of the country's most famous faces. He also treated Reston. Tommaso's take on the fashion industry, and what he calls the ‘dictatorship of beauty', is bleak.He regards Reston's experience as typical, citing in particular the way in which ‘new faces' are parachuted into the most demanding and adult of worlds when they are unable to cope. ‘They experience lots of changes all at the same time,' says Tommaso. ‘They move city, they move state, they start living alone, and the work is very demanding. Everything happens very quickly, and it is all so unpredictable. ‘ There are no official studies to prove the link between the fashion industry and eating disorders, but many experts point to a clear correlation between the two.In a letter from 40 doctors at the Eating Disorders Service and Research Unit at King's College London to the British Fashion Council last October, Professor Janet Treasure wrote: ‘There is no doubt there is cause and effect here. The fashion industry showcases models with extreme body shapes, and thi s is undoubtedly one of the factors leading to young girls developing disorders. ‘ This is borne out by Tommaso's experience. ‘If someone is just a tiny bit bigger than the industry demands,' he says, ‘they are treated as if they were morbidly obese.This encourages a pattern of beauty that is absolutely unreal. ‘ Such pressures, he continues, lead many such women to build up what he calls ‘an arsenal of anorexia': special diets, prescription and illegal drugs, starving themselves. He remembers one young model even using pills for fighting intestinal worms in order to lose weight. Journalist Laura Ancona is not surprised: ‘I've lost count of how many times I've seen models vomiting in the toilets [at fashion events], or sniffing cocaine, or 13-year-old girls fainting because they're not eating properly. Anorexia is obviously not an illness exclusive to the fashion industry, or Brazil. According to the Norwich-based Eating Disorders Association, bet ween one and two per cent of young adult women worldwide suffer from the eating disorder and most, like Reston, are 15-25 years old. It kills somewhere between 13 and 20 per cent of its victims. It's not known exactly what causes anorexia, but Tommaso asserts that, for young models at least, professional demands can be a ‘very strong factor'. There are other pressures, too.As Tommaso points out: ‘Often, low-income families begin to see their offspring as the chicken that lays gold eggs and expect them to support the entire household. The models, in turn, begin to push themselves harder and harder, placing greater demands on their bodies in the hope they will earn more money. ‘ Certainly Reston faced problems at home. The family's life savings had been stolen in 2002 and because they only had her sick father's pension of around ? 250 a month to live on, Miriam Reston looked increasingly to her daughter's income. She was my crutch,' she explains, sitting in the break fast room of her sister's pousada, or guesthouse. By 2004, the 18-year-old Reston was supporting her entire family. And despite her experiences in China, she continued to dream of travelling the world modelling, in order to earn more money to help her mother build a new house. In August 2005 Reston called her employers at the Elite fashion agency and told them she was leaving – she had received an offer from an agent to work in Mexico.They urged her to stay, arguing that the Mexican modelling market required voluptuous girls, whereas Reston was now an increasingly skinny model. ‘She wasn't listening to anyone any more,' says her former booker. In Mexico things went from bad to worse. On her second day there Reston emailed home that she was sharing an apartment with 17 other models and was very unhappy. Other Brazilian models who bumped into an increasingly miserable-looking Reston at castings began to worry about her emotional state. One of them, Cynthia, left a note fo r her: ‘Girlie, we're very worried about you.Please come out with us or stay at home and eat something – eat whatever you want, OK? ‘ Eventually, Reston became so unhappy that Lica Kohlrausch, the owner of L'Equipe, was persuaded by some of Reston's concerned friends and colleagues to pay for her to fly back to Brazil. ‘We brought Ana back after she did some work for Giorgio Armani and a representative rang me to say she was too thin,' Kohlrausch told the press after Reston's death. ‘It worried me and I acted immediately, but I didn't see any physical signs of anorexia when she came back. On her return, Reston went to work in Japan for three months. When she came home again, in late 2005, she was barely recognisable – gaunt and colourless. As Miriam Reston recalls, ‘I looked at her and said, â€Å"My daughter, what have they done to you? † I wish these people could see what they have done to her. She didn't deserve this. ‘ Now seriously worried about her health, Reston's family sent her to stay with an uncle on the Sao Paulo coast. He, too, knew that something was very wrong. On a note dated 19 January 2006, he set out a daily routine for Reston to follow as part of her recuperation.It read: 1 Wake up, pray. 2 Strong, positive thoughts. 3 Pray. 4 Always feed yourself. 5 Pray. Despite the family's intervention, Reston continued eating less and less, and work opportunities began to ebb away. By the middle of last year, her career as a model had virtually ground to a halt. Instead, to try and make ends meet, she was handing out fliers advertising nightclubs in Sao Paulo, earning just over ? 10 a night. But there was some comfort – she fell in love with a 19-year-old model from Sao Paulo, called Bruno Setti. I didn't know what love was until you kissed me,' she wrote to him, just over a month before her death. ‘Thank you for giving me the hugs that make me secure and the conversations that comfo rt me. ‘ On Friday 29 September, Dr Tommaso sat waiting in a room at L'Equipe, with a list of six models he was due to see that afternoon. Reston was booked in for her second appointment. But as the minutes ticked by, Tommaso got the feeling it would be another no-show. ‘I thought it was a shame,' he sighs. ‘The agency contacted her and she said she'd forgotten.Maybe it was true, maybe it was the anorexia. We can't be sure. ‘ In Jundiai, meanwhile, Reston complained to her mother that members of the agency were pestering her to see a doctor. ‘She told me they were going mad [saying she was ill],' recalls her mother. ‘Everyone was telling her she was ill†¦ But, like all these girls, she denied it was a problem. ‘ But her mother was pretty sure by then that Reston's health problems needed to be addressed sooner rather than later. And then suddenly, it was too late. At home on Sunday 22 October, Reston began to complain of a pain in her ki dneys.Miriam Reston didn't know it, but for the last couple of months her daughter had been taking a cocktail of potent prescription drugs, for pain relief and slimming. Reston was admitted to the Samaritano Hospital in Sao Paulo and two days later, on 25 October, she was moved to the Hospital Municipal dos Servidores Publicos, where almost immediately she was admitted to the intensive care unit, where she spent her last 21 days. Her demise was agonising, a plastic tube inserted down her throat, unable to tell anyone how she felt, although the tears in her eyes must have made that pretty obvious.Patches of her once long brown hair had fallen out, too. Her death certificate, for which relatives paid around 50p, cites her time of death as 7. 10am and lists the cause of death as ‘multiple organ failure, septicaemia, urinary infection'. Coldly it adds: ‘Leaves no children. Leaves no property. Leaves no will. ‘ Within hours of her death Ana Carolina Reston Marcan was fa mous across the world. Her death made her a martyr in Brazil – her image was splashed across the front pages of virtually every newspaper and magazine, and across the international media.Jundiai's teenage beauty queen had become the emaciated model who had starved herself to death. Debate raged. There was an outpouring of emotion from other anorexic girls who saw in Reston a piece of themselves; and, simultaneously, a bitter rebuke from pro-anorexia communities, whose members see anorexia as a lifestyle choice. Reston's boyfriend requested her page on the popular Brazilian blog site Orkut be deleted after her death because it was targeted by anorexia supporters posting offensive comments.Critics of the fashion industry, on the other hand, held her up as an example of how it was destroying the lives of young, would-be models, and in the weeks that followed, the deaths of two further Brazilian girls in similar circumstances, one a fashion student, brought further calls for the regulation of this notoriously mysterious business. Already, changes seem to be taking place. Following Uruguayan model Luisel Ramos's death, models with a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18 – classified as underweight by the World Health Organisation (between 18. and 25 is considered healthy) – were banned in September from Madrid Fashion Week. In the wake of Reston's death, Brazilian models now require medical certificates in order to take part in catwalk events. The Italian fashion organisation Camera Della Moda Italiana is also considering introducing measures to prevent any catwalk models at risk appearing at Milan Fashion Week in February. More recently, the British Fashion Council, which organises London Fashion Week, has prepared similar guidelines that it will eventually send to all designers and modelling agencies.It is late afternoon and in the cobbled centre of Pirapora do Bom Jesus, Miriam Reston Marcan pulls up the shutters of her new jewellery shop â €“ recently named ‘Ana Carolina Metals' – and goes inside. Weeping, she picks up a letter written by her daughter shortly before her death, but which was never sent. ‘†If I could, I'd like to go back to being four, clinging on to you as if I were still in your womb, so that nobody could harm me,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ it reads, in curly, teenage handwriting. â€Å"But God wanted my life to change. â€Å"‘ Reston sighs. ‘I didn't know what my daughter had could kill, but I knew it had to be treated. But my daughter rejected me, she said she was OK. ‘ She stares up at a portrait of Ana hung at the back of the shop – part of an advertising campaign which has now become a sort of shrine to her deceased daughter. ‘Do you know what I think at night time? ‘ she asks. ‘I think that she's in the ground and the ants are eating her. I don't know how I'm

Orwell s 1984 By George Orwell - 911 Words

The â€Å"Orwellian† Truth Have you ever thought you have been led to believe something? Or been shown something, maybe even on purpose, to change your opinion and feel scared to make you feel the need to be protected? In the novel 1984 by George Orwell this is exactly what the government did. Big Brother lied, contradicted himself and would hide reality from the people. All of this to make the people of Oceania would love their government and feel like their government created the best life possible to those people. Now,how is our government, the United States of America, related to this? A novel written in 1948, in a way predicted a lot of similarities through government leadership that is seen today, which it sort of baffling to think about. For instance, in the novel there are ministry s for the government, one of the ministry s is called the Ministry of Truth. The Ministry of Truth is a very ironic name, as well as the other ministry names in the novel. It is ironic because it does nothing but tell lies to the people of Oceania. In this ministry the workers re-write history and remove people from the history books to make it seem they were never even alive. For example, Winston works for the Minitrue and he had to change a speech made by Big Brother because the speech that was given had a wrong prediction by Big Brother, Winston had to change it to make it correct (Ministry of Truth). This is very similar to today through politicians, one day they say their view isShow MoreRelatedOrwell s 1984, By George Orwell1617 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment. Correlating with the basis of being human, humanity is the building blocks of human life, which goes to show its importance, but what if the blocks were being taken away one by one? In the novel, 1984, by George Orwell, these blocks were being stripped away from the citizens every day. Orwell gives the readers insight in a world where technology inhibits daily life, humans lack intuition, and the repression of individuality. For instance, technology today is so prevalent in our daily livesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 919 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes of its citizens. George Orwell examines the dangers of this flawed relationship between government bodies and individuals. In 1984, he illustrates the worst possible outcome, a corrupt tyrannical government creating a dystopian world filled with lifeless citizens. Orwell explores the consequences of a totalitarian society in 1984 through the struggles of Winston, the manipulations of O’Brien, and the perfection of Winston. Once Winston is confined in the Ministry of Love, 1984 examines the characterRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 1459 Words   |  6 PagesAt the point when George Orwell penned his new-popular tragic novel, 1984 discharged 67 years prior in June 1949, it was expected as fiction. The innovative setting is over three decades in our back window reflect, yet numerous parts of the book have come shockingly genuine today. The novel tells a socially stratified post atomic war world led by three superstrates. Luckily, there s been no worldwide atomic war, generally in light of the fact that president elect Donald Trump hasn t assumed controlRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 Essay1915 Words   |  8 PagesIsterliin iman 1984 George Orwell 05/10/16 On October the 5th my class and I went on a trip to the Old Vic to watch a play called â€Å"1984† (nineteen eighty-four) This play was originally written by George Orwell in 1949. The play is about a man named Winston Smith who is classed as a low-ranking member of society in the ruling party in London. Everywhere Winston goes he is watched only referred to as â€Å"Big brother†. The party controls every little thing the people do even how they think their languageRead MoreOrwell s 1984 By George Orwell2061 Words   |  9 Pagescorrupt thought,† states George Orwell, a well-known author, showing how powerful words are, to the point where they can influence the thoughts of people. This is a common theme throughout history, referred to as propaganda, where those in control present words and information to the public to change their opinion on ideas, causes, or policies. The use of propaganda appears in many forms of literature, but it is an especially prominent idea in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. The plot centers on WinstonRead MoreOrwell s 1984 By George Orwell1992 Words   |  8 Pagessociety. A nightmarish society like this is portrayed in George Orwell’s novel, 1984, where the main character Winston Smith struggles to live in the superstate, Oceania where the Party is the head of the government. He also covertly hates the Party and Big Brother, who is the head of the Party, and wishes to rebel. He then joins a secret organization known as the Brotherhood; but it only makes matters worse for him. In the dystopian novel, 1984, Orwell descriptively shows the ramifications and the nightmareRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 923 Words   |  4 Pages1984, is a book written by George Orwell giving the reader a view of what a dystopian government would be like. The government of Oceania controls the lives of it’s citizens; posters of a figure known as â€Å"Big Brother† are seen all over and emphasize that he is always watching it’s citizens. The government enforces rules and regulations amongst it’s citizens, restricting them from giving their own opinion or even opposing the g overnment. Thoughtcrime, face crime, and double think are all strictlyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizensRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841377 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious types of governments, such include democracy, oligarchy, and more specifically, totalitarian. A totalitarian government gains extensive amounts of control and power over all of their people, and dominate over every aspect of their lives. George Orwell’s â€Å"1984 ,† conveys to its readers how the government presented totalitarianism and obtained control over their citizens. This action by the government compares to the massacre of the Holocaust, which portrayed the act of totalitarianism by aiming discriminationRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagessee the oppression happening. However, there are a selected few that fight the authority. George Orwell used his skillful techniques to create a dystopian novel that describes his nightmare vision of a possible future society. This work is remembered today to warn citizens to be conscious as to what is around us, what is controlling us, and where our hope should be. The novel, 1984, written by George Orwell has opened reader’s eyes on the power-hungry political systems forcing oppression, while