The Yellow Wallpaper - Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Yellow Wallpaper - Reading Response - Essay ExampleConsidering the l acely and bored state of the narrator, one could certainly understand her obsession with the simulation and patterns on the yellow wallpaper, as she comments, It is the strangest yellow that wallpaper It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw- not beautiful ones like buttercups, but doddery foul, bad yellow things (Gilman 3). However, the themes and patterns that this first person narrator sees in the yellow wall paper are not limited to a senseless and pose imagination, but rather are related to the issues and problems world faced by the narrator, in the context of her position and status in life. Yet, in a mode the story The Yellow Wallpaper through go forth remains uncertain and unclear about the narrators mental state and health. The other thing is that being limited to the confines of the upstairs nursery the narrator is left with nothing to do, but, to think about the ugly yellow wallpape r with irregular patterns. At the counterbalance of the story the patterns and designs on the wallpaper appear senseless and meaningless to the narrator. In accompaniment she positively finds the wallpaper to be boring and uninteresting. However, as the condition of the narrator worsens, this wallpaper begins to take an entire new meaning and importance for her. The wallpaper emerges to be the canvass on which she projects the imprints of her disturbed mental state and her suppressed emotions and aspirations. As her mental condition deteriorates, and perhaps she begins to lose stability, the wallpaper becomes the only puzzle that begins to possess and dominate her. Her occupation with the wall paper goes on increasing. In fact she begins to get confident that the themes and patterns she is able to identify in the wallpaper could be traced by nobody else. As the story proceeds, the narrator begins to lose interest in the people and gets more and more involved with the wallpaper. Th e wallpaper actually happens to be the only outlet where the narrator could vent her thoughts and aspirations. As her anger increases, she begins to engage in paranoid speculations regarding Jennie and John. The fact is that I am getting a little afraid of John. He seems very queer sometimes, and even Jennie has an inexplicable look (Gilman 13). purpose peace and happiness only in the wallpaper, the narrator slowly begins to merge her identity with the wallpaper, while distancing herself from the other people in her life. The narrator begins to see one other muliebrity creeping behind the patterns in the wallpaper, which is perhaps some repressed aspect of her own personality. It is only after the tracing of the creeping woman in the wallpaper that the things get fast and racy, perhaps indicative of the narrators further decent into mental disturbance and illness. The expression of the narrator gets more confused and disjointed, that seems to have a meaning and pattern of its own . The yellow wallpaper perhaps is symbolic of the stereotypical state of the women in the society of her times, where she is forced to come out with some sense and meaning within the confines of the physical and mental space that is allocated to her. The narrator once rightly says

Advantages and disadvantages of internet Essay Example for Free

Advantages and disadvantages of internet EssayNowadays internet is the most common form of communication. It is a worldwide connection of computer systems over a monolithic network. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to the Internet. First of all internet has made communication very simple, easy and convenient. It is possible to stay in touch with raft that you hardly ever see. Moreover internet is a source of knowledge. Anyone could simply open internet and get many information about anything. In opposite words it is a small encyclopedia about everything in the universe. Nothing online is trustworthy. Websites that are supposed to be trusted and are supposed to be unquestionable are not full of reliable information. Even major websites that are run by big and trusted companies are using writing firms to salvage their websites and the writing firms are simply hiring the cheapest freelancers to do their work for them. It is true that the Internet has made it easier to find out basic facts such as the location of places, merely even that information is commonly incorrect. Also some people use the Internet too much and forgot real life affair. It may now be easier to keep in contact with people you know, but it has removed any incentive to visit people. In other words it can be addictive and a waste of time and even money.Two angles have been compared in both a positive and negative light. Internet can be utile and dangerous at the same time. In my opinion, Treat the information you read online with a high degree of skepticism and you will be alright. It is also a good idea to use the Internet in order to stay in contact with people, as it is easy and convenient. However, do not allow online contact to start replacing physical contact. It is important to strike a balance between the two.

Luke’s gospel Essay Example for Free

Lukes gospel EssayEach of the four evangelists had a position slant to their report- One could say that Mark was a brief account of the preaching of Peter. outhouses Gospel was written that you may come to believe that rescuer is the Messiah, the Son of paragon, and that through with(predicate) believing you may demand action in his remark (John 2031). Matthew was written for Jews to show how Jesus teaching related to their laws and traditions. And Luke wrote for those who had become disciples and wanted to foundation their faith in historical fact. Luke is set forth in the title of Jean-Francois Racines 20008 article as Luke Storyteller, Interpreter and Evangelist. Despite his skills as both narrator and translator of exits, he would become perhaps felt most comfort sufficient with the last of these Evangelist. In his gospel he makes galore(postnominal) theological blossoms he was concerned for fount that his readers knew exactly who the per male child of Jes us was non as Alan Richardson says a docetic apparition i. e the belief , later considered heretical, that Christ merely appeargond to def nullify a compassionate body, an idea that Luke opposes with his birth narratives and the genealogy in chapter 3.Nor is he a pagan theophany i. e. the mere visible, except non material appearance of divinity fudge . This reality of paragon in history chamberpot be seen in the reading of this changeover. Jesus is not just reading an old prophecy. He is laying claim to it. It is not to be interpreted as The eye of the shaper is upon some unknown person, some future desire promised deliverer, but upon Jesus, the boy they had all seen grow up. It is perhaps no wonder the congregation found this difficult to accept. paragon in man, yet not some unmatchable who would perform miracles just to prove a point as is made view in the description of the temptations in the wilderness, yet who is prep ard to reveal signs that can be interpreted. The bringing of destiny to the blind was in particular something associated with the servant of the passkey fit in to Richardson and would be seen as a Messianic sign. It is clear from the words of Isaiah that he chose that he saw the miracles he was able to perform as signs of the glide slope of the queerdom of beau ideal the day of the Lord predicted by Isaiah.He makes this clear when he follows his reading by making the staggering claim Today this scripture is fulfilled in your hearing. After the prologue ( Luke 1 verse 1 to 4 ) Lukes Gospel can be divided most obviously into 5 main sections in a frame work that more or less follows that set place by Mark, but which includes many events recorded solely by Luke- Births of John and Jesus, Luke chapters 1 v 5 and 2, and unique to Luke Galilean Ministry, ( this section would also include his baptism and genealogy).The genealogy too is unique, for although Matthew includes such a list they vary. This section concludes at Cha pter 9 v 20 with Peters confession when he acknowledges Jesus as Gods Messiah. The parable of the Good Samaritan in chapter 10 begins the next section wherein Jesus gradually moves towards capital of Israel. Luke 19 v 28 label Jesus entry into the city of Jerusalem and a re-joining of Lukes narrative with that contained in Marks shorter gospel.Although there are accounts of earlier confrontations, in particular with the Pharisees this section tag a period of greater confrontation , as when he drove out the merchants in the temple in Luke 19 v 45-48 and of variant later with the Sanhedrin and the Roman rulers. The passion narratives can be say to start from Chapter 22 with the feast of unleavened bread and the preparations for the last supper with the disciples. They conclude with the ascension, described again in Acts 1.. Jesus at the point described in 4 v 14 -30 has returned to his home town of Nazareth in Galilee.It is a qualifying that place Christ right at the centre of the story of salvation. According to Conzelmann and Buswell in the section of their 1992 book entitled The centre of history Luke deliberately takes the forthwith which is expressed in this passage as belonging to the past, and builds up the picture of Jesus whole career on the basis of this historical interpretation. Today king not actually be included in the passage in most translations, but is still implied as the passage is in the present distort and in the final line as in the Message paraphrase This is Gods year to act. In the Amplified Bible the passage reads - The odour of the Lord is upon Me, because He has anointed Me the Anointed One, the Messiah to preach the good news (the Gospel) to the poor He has sent Me to announce release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to send forth as delivered those who are oppressed who are downtrodden, bruised, crushed, and broken down by calamity, To proclaim the accredited and acceptable year of the Lord the day whe n salvation and the free favors of God copiously abound.Headings in the Good News Bible for this passage are Jesus begins his work in Galilee and Jesus is rejected at Nazareth The local tribe would birth heard close the miracles don e in former(a) places in the region. They must have been thinking If he has done so much in other villages, how much more result he do here Instead he quotes to them a well known proverb - Surely you allow quote this proverb to me Physician, heal yourself Do here in your hometown what we have heard that you did in Capernaum.I tell you the truth, he continued, no prophet is accepted in his hometown. He goes on to expound upon the way in which Gentiles could have faith, giving the examples of the widow of Zarephath who had been doed by Elijah, and also Naaman the Syrian, both of whose stories would have been familiar to the congregation. The passage has been proceeded by the birth narratives, the account of the early visit to Jerusalem, the sudden j ump to the preaching of his forerunner John .His baptism is recorded briefly and therefore comes the genealogy which traces Jesus ancestry back to God The temptation in the wilderness is described as immediately preceding the events of 4 v 14 30. So we have Jesus, a unique organism, Today in the town of David a Saviour has been born to you he is the Christ, the Lord. And , according to the words of Simeon, not just a Saviour for the Jewish people, but also Salvation which you have prepared in the sight of all people, a light for revelation to the Gentiles and for glory to your people Israel. It had been traditionally expected that Elijah would return before the coming of the Messiah as is pointed out by Luke by his inclusion of the prophecy from Isaiah A voice of one commerce in the desert, prepare the way for the Lord.. the crooked roads shall become straight , the rough ways smooth, and all mankind will see Gods salvation. So once again the image provoked is of a universality to the message of salvation. John the Baptist is an Elijah type figure, especially if one reads Marks description of him , John wore clothing made of camels hair, with a leather belt round his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey. The baptism was a public event , but according to Luke the message from God to his son was a personal one, and it is not clear in this passage whether others heard the voice You are my son whom I love with you I am well pleased. , a parallel passage to the one in Mark , but in John it is clear that John the Baptist at least was a witness, John gave this testimony I saw the Spirit come down from heaven as a genus Columba and remain on him. Matthew gives a slightly different version of events, which seems to imply that God was publically acknowledging Jesus as his son.A voice from heaven utter This is my son, whom I love, with him I am well pleased. So all is ready Jesus is established in history as being God on earth, the special, unique person , prophesied of old as the means of the worlds salvation now he can begin. Which brings us to the Nazareth synagogue scene which marks , as far as Luke is concerned, the beginning of the public ministry of Jesus. How far does passage set the agenda for the ministry of Jesus?According to Hans Conzelmann and Geoffrey Buswell in the 1982 book TheTheology of St Luke It is significant that according to Luke Jesus is not led by the Spirit, but himself acts in the Spirit. First of all there is the obvious contrast between He taught in their synagogues and everyone praised him which refers in a general way to the synagogues of various Galilean towns, and the reaction in his home town of Nazareth, presumably before a congregation of those who knew him well -Isnt this Jesus, Josephs son? and then when he expounded on the passage, pointing out how Elijah had not been sent to a Jewish home in the quantify of famine, but to help the Gentile widow of Zarephath in Sidon, this provoked an extrem ely violent negative reaction All the people in the synagogue were furious when they heard this so much so that they were apparently prepared to actually kill him according to verse 28 and 29. Why such a violent reaction? Israel had long been expecting her Messiah.He had been prophesied from Genesis through to Malachi, but in both negative and positive ways I will put enmity between you and the cleaning woman ,and between your offspring and hers and Suddenly the Lord you are seeking will come to his temple the messenger of the covenant whom you desire, will come, says the Lord Al mightinessy. However the people were expecting a warrior, a physical king, someone who would free them from the yoke of the Romans not a village boy, perhaps even an illegitimate one people have long memories. The passage Jesus was reading was from the scroll of Isaiah, chapter 61 .He bought the reading to an end in what, for the congregation, would be considered the wrong place. i. e one-half way thro ugh what is in modern Bibles , verse 2 of the chapter. He includes the phrase to proclaim the year of the Lords favour but omits the one after it the day of vengeance of our God. These people wanted a military unitful saviour who would rid them of Roman oppression. Isaiahs prophecy goes on to talk about a double portion for the Israelites who would feed on the wealth of nations. Preaching good news to the poor was fine, but it wouldnt send the Romans back to Rome. fag Swager in his commentary says - Jesus praise for outsiders caused them offence because they were blind-sighted to Gods mercy and plan of redemption for all nations. This sudden change of mood from the previous verses in which Luke records that he found acceptance where ever he went is a pivotal point in the gospel record. It exemplifies what will come and so can be said to set the agenda for instance on Palm Sunday we are told that a large agitate began to thank God and praise him in brazen voices for all the grea t things that they had seen. Shouting Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the LordPeace in heaven and glory in the highest This is followed immediately by a plea from the Pharisees that Jesus call upon his followers to be quiet. Presumably they feared a negative reaction on the part of the authorities to someone being hailed as king. It isnt just the words used. Spreading clothing along his way was known to be the way to greet a king. An example of this would be 2 Kings 9 v 13, a passage that would have been known when to many in the crowd , where, and had anointed him, after Elisha had told his that God wanted him to be king Jehu told his officers that Elisha had said -Here is what he told me This is what the LORD says I anoint you king over Israel. They quickly took their cloaks and spread them under him on the bare steps. Then they blew the saddle horn and shouted, Jehu is king save the words were from what are called the songs of ascent i. e a normal part of the Pas sover celebrations and sang every year by pilgrims arriving in Jerusalem for the feast. So any Roman observers would have probably seen nothing unusual, and wouldnt have been familiar with the passage from 2nd Kings. As with so many other passages this reaction of the Pharisees is unique to Luke.But these people were aware to some extent at least of the miracle that Jesus had performed in Galilee and the resurrection of Lazarus, recorded by John the evangelist, though not by Luke, had only just occurred, John places the event perhaps a week earlier, and it would certainly have been the latest news, so they at least were aware of the special person that Jesus was. These same people, described by Luke as disciples would have course still been in Jerusalem at the end of the week and some at least must have been in the crowd which Luke describes- With one voice they cried out, Away with this manRelease Barabbas to us .. But they kept shouting, Crucify him Crucify him . But with loud sho uts they insistently demanded that he be crucified, and their shouts prevailed. 24 So Pilate decided to grant their demand. This constant split in opinion and changes in opinion , the general misunderstanding about what was Jesus true ministry as recorded first in Luke 4, continues throughout the passages between then and the trial narrative. In Luke 5 for instance there is the story of the call of Levi ( Matthew) after which there was a feast in Levis house.Again it is the Pharisees who remonstrate But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law who belonged to their sect complained to his disciples, Why do you eat and drink with revenue enhancement collectors and sinners? He tries to explain - It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. 32 I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. The Good News Bible translate this verse as I have not come to call respectable people to repent, but outcasts. which links back to the Isaiah passage read by Jesus in his home synagogue-He has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to set the oppressed free, That passage of course begins the Spirit of the Lord is on me and of Jesus this was literally true if the account of the descent of the beatified Spirit upon him at the time of his baptism is to be believed. It was acknowledge by Luke at the very beginning of the Galilean ministry - Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit, and news about him spread through the whole countryside. The passage, which comes from Isaiah 61 would not have before have had the chapter and verse breaks with which we are so familiar. The section immediately before it is headed in the New International Version The Glory of Zion, and begins Arise, shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the Lord rises upon you . Oswald Chambers commenting upon his book My Utmost for his Highest notes that We have to make the first stepwhen getting in contact with God in order to find out what he wants. This is a long positive passage which includes references to God appearing and nations ( i.e. the Gentiles ) coming to his light and which concludes with the words I am the Lord in its time I will do this swiftly.. . Jesus , although he read only a few lines, would have been very aware of this wider context , and so would many of his readers. This ministry to the outsiders of society would continue and is more strongly evident in this gospel perhaps than in others as for instance in chapter 15, known for its parables of the lost which begins with tax collectors and others on the edges of society coming to Jesus an event that brings an immediate reaction from the religious leadersRight at the beginning of his story Luke had stressed the presence, power and working of the Holy Spirit, something that it was generally felt had departed from Israel. The angel answered, The Holy Spirit will come up on you, and the power of the Most High will occult you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. This emphasis upon the Spirit continues. It is evidenced for instance in the raising from close to life of the widows son, only one of many healings which took place and which Luke summarizes.At that very time Jesus cured many who had diseases, sicknesses and evil spirits, and gave sight to many who were blind. 22 So he replied to the messengers, Go back and report to John what you have seen and heard The blind flummox sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is proclaimed to the poor. Even such miraculous events could be misinterpreted, such were the misunderstandings surrounding Jesus, who he was, and what his offer was.In the gospels11th chapter, Jesus, now on his way towards Jerusalem, drives out a demon. - Jesus was driving out a demon that was mute. When the demon left, the man who had been mute spoke, and the crowd was amazed. 15 But some of them said, By Beelzebul, the prince of demons, he is driving out demons. This empowering by the Spirit was not restricted to Jesus alone, Anticipating opposition ahead he tells his followers they need not fear - When you are brought before synagogues, rulers and authorities, do notworry about how you will defend yourselves or what you will say, for the Holy Spirit will teach you at that time what you should say. Another aspect of the passage is the binding up of the broken hearted. This could be seen as referring to those who mourn for whatever reason as in Matthew 5 v 4 Blessed are those who mourn for they shall be comforted. as Jesus describes life in the coming kingdom of God. The Message Bible has this as - Youre blessed when you get your inside world your mind and heart put right . Then you can see God in the outside world.Luke is always concerned with mankind fully realizing who Christ is and his purpose and the messag e might be. The letter to Philippians in chapter 2 contains a quotation from an early Christian hymn which explains this that Christ humbled himself by coming to earth in order eventually that man will be restored in his relationship with God a relationship broken in the early chapters of Genesis when man disobeyed what he knew to be the will of God. Luke portrays the purpose of Christ as restoring this broken relationship. In 4 v 43 Jesus says -I must preach the good news of the Kingdom to God to the other towns also, because that is why I was sent. Luke also shows the universality of the task in the call of the disciples as when he responds to Peter in 5 v 10, get intot be afraid from now on you will catch men told . When the seventy two disciples, who had been sent out as recorded in chapter 10, they had been told Heal the sick who are there and tell them the kingdom of God is near you They returned full of joy because Lord, even the devils submit to us in your name This idea that the spread of the gospel is the task and responsibility of the whole church, and they will be empowered by the Holy Spirit to carry it out is of course continued in Lukes second volume , the Book of Acts, for example in chapter 2 v 4 - All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them. This idea of restoring relationships is shown repeatedly even in the healing miracles, where the emphasis is on the forgiveness of sins rather than on any physical healing that took place as with the healing of the paralytic man brought to his by friends in 5 v 17 -26.The man does receive healing, but even before that in verse 20 we read - Friend , your sins are forgiven something that the Jewish faith believed was only brought about by the offering of sacrifices. The result in this case was not only one man being forgiven, but a whole crowd of people seeing God in power and praising him for it. The theme continues even on the cross when the thief pleads with the dying Messiah - Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom. Jesus answered him, I tell you the truth, today you will be with me in paradise.When John records Jesus final words, It is finished it is a sign that not only is his earthly life drawing to an end, but that of the task which he had taken upon himself. Peterson, in the Message Bible translates this as -Its done complete. A phrase that might be translated as It is accomplished as indeed it was if one accepted that by his sacrificial death Jesus is able to restore the relationship between God and his salvation. Lukes version of the gospel story cannot be seen in isolation, and should be read alongside complementary passages, i.e. the other gospels. It is stated in John 3 v 14 18 a- The son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life. For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only son that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eterna l life. For God did not send his son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned.ReferencesBible, Good News Version, Todays incline Version, Collins/Fontana London 1976 Bible, New International Version, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1988 Chambers, O. ,My Utmost for His Highest, Marshall, Morgan and Scott, reprinted 1975 Peterson,E. Bible , The Message, Navpress, Colorado Springs, 2002. Richardson,A. Introduction to the Theology of the New Testament, SCM Press, London 1958 Electronic Sources Amplified Bible, retrieved 6th April 2009 http//www. biblegateway. com/passage/? research=Luke%204version=45 Brow, R. , Lukes Gospel Commentary, Retrieved 6th April 2009 http//www. brow. on. ca/Books/Luke/Luke01. htm Conzelmann, H. and Buswell, G.The Theology of St Luke Faber and Faber, London 1992 , Questia on Line Library, retrieved 7th April 2009 http//www. questia. com/read/87968381? title=The%20Theology%20of%20St. %20Luke Racine, J. Luke Storyteller, Interpreter and Evangelist , theological Studies, Volume 69, 2008, Questia Online Library, retrieved 7th April 2009 http//www. questia. com/read/5025752564? title=Luke%3a%20Storyteller%2c%20Interpreter%2c%20Evangelist Swager, D. The Gospel of Luke, A Commentary and Meditation retrieved 6th April 2009 http//www. rc. net/wcc/readings/luke146. htm

Alcoholic Beverage and Quantum Software Essay Example for Free

intoxicantic Beverage and Quantum Softw be EssayQuantum Software does indeed have a problem involving a disagreement in the appropriateness of a company sponsored social activity. This weekly gathering is offered by Quantums management as a reward for their productivity displayed throughout the week. While the get-together appears to be very popular among employees and managers alike, there is at least one party (Bill, the corporate attorney) who voices objection to the weekly festivity (Br bear Harvey, 1995).The problems tush be defined in terms of macro anesthetises having to do with leadership, resources, and the surrounding infrastructure, and micro, which include internal issues such as employee training, empowerment and organizational processes. (Packard 2005). The macro issue is that there is a difference in opinion on whether or not the beer bust is an appropriate means of rewarding the companys employees. Stan and Erin, the founders of Quantum Software, whole tone that this time is beneficial because it provides an opportunity to encourage the team concept (Brown Harvey, 1995).Bill however, after witnessing an employee stumbling as a result of his drinking, questions the companys liability of providing intoxicant during the workday. The micro issue, although not specific altogethery stated in the study, is that coworkers are subject to seeing each other as well as members of management in an intoxicated state creating a situation where professional integrity could be compromised. The cause for the contravention is the fact that the company is offering its employees alcohol during work hours, creating a situation where Quantum would be held liable should an accident occur at work or as the employees were leaving the office.Additional concerns are warranted in considering that not every employees (based on statistically studies of drinking in the workplace) will be included in an event where drinking alcohol is involved (NZMA, 2006). Addi tionally, studies show that organizations that encourage drinking at work have a higher rate of employees with drinking problems which can greatly affect worker performance (National Institute On inebriant Abuse And Alcoholism, 2006).Alternative opportunities should be offered to the employees that would achieve the goals that Stan and Erin have set of creating an atmosphere where workers can blow off a little steam without providing alcohol (Brown Harvey, 1995). Recognizing that the workers are adults and have the ability to make responsible decisions in regards to drinking, perhaps a social mission could provide an alternate experience to the beer bust that does not conflict with the interest of Quantum Software. There are two recommendations that I would offer to the management team of Quantum Software.First, the monies dedicated to offering the current beer bust should be redirected to an offering that includes all employees, including those that do not drink. This will provi de an inclusive atmosphere where all employees can participate. Second, an off-property location should be established by a social committee (not management) where employees have the opportunity to socialize over a beer without the pressure of work (Brown Harvey, 1995). This way the employees are on their own time and are responsible for their own actions relieving Quantum Software of any responsibility for its employees actions.References Brown, D. Harvey D. (2006). An experimental approach to organization and development. Upper Saddle River Pearson National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2008). Alcohol and the workplace Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http//alcoholism. about. com/od/work/l/blnaa44. htm NZMA (2006).Alcohol consumption. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http//www. nzma. org. nz/journal/116-1184/645/Figures%20and%20tables. pdf Packard,T. (1995). TQM and organizational change and development. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http//www. improve. org/tqm. htmlExhi bit%20I%20A%20Force%20Field %20.

Stereotyping Muslim Women in TV and Film

Stereotyping Moslem Women in TV and FilmCountless sorts and misre initiation about Arab Moslem women have been dominating the horse opera media. It all started with the theory of Clash of Civilization that was written by Samuel P. Huntington in 1997. In his theory, Huntington stressed that Islam has visible conflicting vision and action to the occidental ideas of self-direction and res publica, and that Islam is the main enemy to the West. In other(a) words, Islam and Arabs has different ideologies than the west has. And that the ideologies the west have about democracy and liberty conflict about the Islam on a lower floorstanding of the democracy and liberation. This was the start of the stereotyping of Arabs in general.The problem of stereotyping of Arabs in general has been on the increase since the incident of 9/11. Arabs have been subjected to unlikeness and violence since 9/11, a Muslim girl for example that works in a rental car company was simply fired because she was told that she can non wear her secrete, also a hotel employee stated that he was cursed many times and that people called him Taliban and Osama.After September 9/11 attack on the USA, the stereotyping began at its fullest load, that the Islam and Arabs atomic number 18 terrorists, cruel, robbers, heartless, religious fanatics, brutal murderers, and abusers of women. It resulted in the start of o the portrayal of Arab women that they are ab apply by men, and that they are switch on object, belly dancers and gold diggers, and that they have no self esteem, and they are defeat by men and they are only do what men wishes and deficiency without having any opinion about it.Following 9/11, the world started attack Islam and they criminate Islam of being a religion of terrorism, however, among those attackers there were many who wanted to k in a flash the truth about that religion in order to know whether it is really a religion of terrorism or not. The media exaggerated in repor ting the incident of 9/11 which resulted in making a lot of people gestate that Arabs and Muslims are terrorists. Also Hollywood is a big part of exaggerating this issue.Cinema Producers and Film Makers keep on making movies that stereotype Arabs as terrorists and killers. They also stereotype them with the five Bs, which are Billionaires, Bombers, Belly dancers, Bedouins, and Barbarians. Jack shaheen in his movie Reel Bad Arabs showed that the western movies are obsessed with portraying of Arab women in their movies, precisely they portray them from their point of views. They didnt change anything during years of portrayals.Jack Shaheen said that the portray of Arab women in the main as slave girls, a woman wearing a transparent mask that shows her body, and that they are belly dancers and barbarian gold diggers that they are able to do anything in the sake of their well being, Shaheen in his this part about the portray of Arab women as gypsies and gold diggers is right and I a gree with him that is mostly the case in western movies that portray Arab women.Moreover, in the Disney movie re describe of around the world in 80 days, they represent that Arnold Schwarzenegger an Arab Sheikh, that have more than 100 wives slaves just for sex, which shows that the Arab men are not satisfied by one woman only and they want lot of everything even the wives, and this part also talk about El shariaa that the man has the right to marry 4 wives. Which the West refuses its concept from the first place, but they dont even understand the Law of Islam to talk about this issue or to misrepresent it in this commission. But although they portrayed Arab women in different watchs the gold digger, the sex slave, mischievous, but after the attacks of September 11 the image of terrorists is the dominate image in the mind and the movies of the West.The TV influences the people in a tremendous way it affects their attitudes and behavior, and affects their minds and believes. The me dia personnel take advantage of this point that the western people are ignorant about anything that relates to Arabs and they just know them from movies and TV shows, and they mostly are in the image of terrorist so they take of this point and represent Arabs and Arab women without studying them or understanding them and they stereotype them as the way they want the people to think of them. They gain ground in this point that most of the westerlys when they come to think about Arabs or Arab women, the first thing that comes to their minds is Arabs being terrorists ,barbarians, cruel, robbers, monsters, beater of women, take women as slaves, women are just for their witness pleasure.Everyone knows from western media and western image what image Arab women have in general, images that started by the orientalists about Arab Harim, Arab dancing, Arab women set as objects in the Arab world locked in doors, having no region in public affairs, Muslim women being inferior to men. These a re the concepts in western media, in western films and in western cartoons, unfortunately.Most Arabs are wormlike to being uninventive by western media, but for Arab women the problem is particularly sensitive. It seems that the Western media is obsessed by the way a Muslim woman dresses the veil in particular. Most of the Arab Muslim women are portrayed as fat, shapeless women in their loose dress and ugly veiled shape they even do them as a caricature in some magazines and programs. In fact, the concept of veiled woman is forever and a day perceived in the west as shes having a life, shes always seen as a victim, poor, isolated creature politically, culturally and she is so isolated. According to Gwinn (1997), he said that the veiled woman is always reflected by the western to be the most popular way of representing the problem of Islam. In fact, Longtime ago pre Islam veils were customs among Greeks, Romans and Jews, but when Islam started and the Muslim women took the veils a s a way to comprehend their hair as God said, the West started to identify the veiled women as the Muslim terrorist one.The veil that the Muslim women wear is seen as a token of labored and alien status as mentioned by Posetty (2008) in his name. Images of Islamic dress are increasingly used in the Western media as a symbol of extremism. As a result, Muslims all over Europe and the West in general, are suffering from the consequences of such associations.The main problem as Ahmed (1992) pointed out in his article, has been that the act of netting among Muslim women is associated with the lack of traditionalism and backwardness that does not fit into the modern society and among Western women. This reflects the theory of Orientalism that was stated by give tongue to 1978, which asserts that the East and its inhabitants are considered backward, barbaric and outsiders to Western society.As mentioned by Edward Said in this Orientalist framework, the Muslim Arab women have always be en thought as others they are always considered as different from the Western women and the Western culture. The Western imaginary, Othered portrayed women as sexual objects, weak, and that they are marginalized in their own society. The Orientalism focused on Arabic, level, and philosophy, but failed to really convey the lives and feelings of Muslims, their voices remained mute.Muslims, as portrayed in western media, illustrate two Orientalist assumptions that arouse concern and fear in Western societies. The fisrt as mentiond by Posetty (2008), Muslim women are oppressed and in need of liberation and the second is that Muslim men are a violent force that creates a threat to Western society.In an agreement with Mishra (2007), who has been studying the misrepresentation constructed by the Western media about the Muslim Arab women since the 9/11 incident. She has examined the articles published by The bracing York Times and other newspapers and magazines after the 9/11 incident, pa rticularly, between September 11, 2001 and September 11, 2003. Through her study she found that issues such as rape, torture, and patriarchal oppression were all topics that cerebrate to Muslim women in non-Western countries. Additionally, the discussion of women in Islam tends to be centered around the burqu, hijab, or as it is called in the Western societies as the veil.Muslims women living abroad are facing a bigger problem than just a misunderstanding or negative image, unfortunately they are facing a huge discrimination between them and the westernized women. The Arab Muslim immigrant women are facing gender-based media representations as well. As stated by Morin (2009), the immigrant Muslim Arab women are subjected to cultural misconceptions and the recent political conflicts that have tough Arab-Western dealings. These misconceptions that are created by the Western media make it hard for those women to live abroad without being discriminated and thought as others. In the W est, clearly, negative Arab images rooted in history are providing a base for the stereotyping of Arab women in the media.In addition to the misconception about the veil, words such as the circumcision, polygamy, the sharia (Islamic) law, the harem, forced marriages, etc, are just a few issues that are associated with the Arab Muslim women, which resulted in fitting women into the absolute, homogenous oppressed Muslim woman category.News on Muslim women is dominated by the culturalist presentation and interpretation of Islam. In fact, the discrimination of these women, which attracts media attention, tends to be explained almost exclusively according to theories on Islamic culture. For example, when referring to the rights of Muslim women, the news discourse tends to focus on typic and religious issues such as the veil or Islam, and they tend to avoid more important issues that are related to the equality of these women, such as rights to reproduction or public freedoms. These vis ions are removed from reality because they fail to take into account bond of millions of women to their Islamic identity.The Western newspaper articles mainly present Muslims women in three ways as passive women, as victims and as veiled women. They are portrayed as observers rather than as active participants in their community. Their social occasion as victims is reflected through the publishing of news stories describing conflicts such as the Afghan or Algerian conflicts in which women are clearly victims.Muslim-Arab women have increasingly been on the face covers of magazines and front pages of newspapers since 9/11 and all the events that followed among the major topics covered were the war in Afghanistan, the U.S.-led Iraqi invasion, as well as the elections in both countries. For example, on the covers of National Geographic and various other magazines, veiled women demonstrate the western urge to discover what lies underneath the veil.Since the invasion of Afghanistan, the Western media began to focus on the unveiling of women as a sign of their liberation, which we totally disagree with. Images of women removing the veil serve as justification to many individuals for the war. Time Magazine published an article in December 2001 that told the story of 200 women who gathered together to remove their veils together in a post-Taliban Afghanistan. (Macdonald, 2003).As stated by Ayish (2010), news media has do it a point to document the lives of millions of women that are in need of saving from an oppressive religion. The news media, specifically The New York Times and Time Magazine, have active divisive methods founded in Orientalist assumptions that provide justification for Western intervention in the Middle East. And as stated by Mishra (2007), the media portrayals of Muslim men and women in The New York Times reinforced the need for Western intervention in Muslim societies and communities, to whether help liberate Muslim women or to keep Muslim men u nder surveillance as they are considered as a threat and violence.In advertising, they are being misrepresented as well. The Western advertisement also used the Arab Muslim women in their advertisement and they didnt want to risk by changing the image that the west already have for the Arab Muslim women, so they used the stereotyped and typical image of the veiled woman harem, the mysterious veiled woman that is under the control of an oppressive man, to appeal to their customers of the west. They didnt want to risk changing the image in an advertisement and that this image is strong in the mind of the Western people, and they might lose money or even customers and they might accuse them with perfidy because they put the Arabs in a good image.They use the veil of the Muslim Arab women as a sex symbol to sell for sex. They think when they put a woman in a veil they will get the consumers to buy the product. And when they do, they will buy the mystery behind the veil. The Westerns ar e usually buying a false and imaginary image of the Others which are the Arab or Arab women.The continuous and repetitive of these images in the different types of media will make these images real in the mind of the Western people, and this will enlarge the gap between the East and the West The oppressed veiled Muslim woman in the ads may also be affiliated to the escalating intolerance and disputes surrounding Muslim women and the veil in the Western world.Media people should be careful with what they put in the different types of media so as not to spread false and imaginary images or believes about another culture or other people traditions, and make them in the worst image that could be, and make them by these images increase the hatred between countries and increase hate crimes and wars. Media people should see the sensitivity in the materials they publish, and consider these images will hurt or persecute someone or not, they should study the Arab and study their traditions and their believes Shariaa before talking falsely about it in different ways and different types of media.Western fascination with the veiling of Muslim women as a symbol of oppression is often contradictory to reality. The west are portraying Arab women in this way because they inherited this stereotyping, and they didnt try to do research or study of Arabs and Arab women to see if they are right about what they are showing in their movies or what they are writing. They just took what they have watched in the movies and read in papers, and they started to portray or actually kept on the same way of this negative portrayal and stereotyping of Arab women, without the right knowledge about the Arab culture, religion, and mostly people.ConclusionIn the West, Arab women are often portrayed through stereotypical representations and discourses in which they have no voice. The Western popular imagination, nurtured by a media which unremarkably lacks sensitivity to complex realities, is qu ick to associate Arab women with oppression and subordination. Arab women are limited to a debate between tradition and modernity in which they are instead perceived as model of a mythical cultural authenticity, of a drift towards extremism or of radical modernization. Therefore, they find themselves at the heart of the ambiguous relations between the Eastern and Western worlds, which was analyzed by Edward Sad. They are, however, essential actors in the development of the Arab region, and it is indispensable that their position at the heart of all contemporary social, political, frugal and cultural matters be recognized in both the East and West.Basically the media is the main reason of enlarging the gap between the West and the East, it keeps on urgent and pressing on the west and filling their minds with pictures, movies, and news against Muslims and Islam that arent true. Since September 11 until now Hollywood keeps on making movies about Arabs and Muslims portraying them as terrorists and killers who attack unreserved people without any reason, while they dont make any movies about Israeli.The mass media not only exclude modern Islamist women but also, in general, the socially and culturally diverse communities of Muslim women living in either the Arab world or in Western world. These women are not only housewives, mothers and Muslims as portrayed by the media, but also students, researchers, entrepreneurs, domestic workers, artists, politicians, volunteers, activists, etc. In this respect, it is also not accidental that the media do not report on the evolution of pro homophile rights movements (including womens rights and freedoms movements) that exist in some Arab countries, such as Egypt and Morocco.Misconceptions by the media have resulted in misunderstanding Arab women. As Gwinn (1997) stated, ideas about the Muslim world have managed to sour much of our understandings toward Muslim women. Words such as the veil, the harem, female circumcision, etc. have managed to give an impression to some of the images associated with the oppressed Muslim woman.The problem now is how to convey knowledge to public opinion so that they know truly whats going on in the Middle East. Unfortunately theyre trying to build on peoples ignorance, or on peoples busy time as nobody has the time to read a lot. It is time to build on information or on knowledge that the Arabs are descendents of great civilization, Arab women have the right to live like any other woman in the world with their children and to have their childrens future onward from humiliation, away from occupation. The western media is the one who damaged the image of the Muslims specially the veiled women, so they must take step and start to do campaigns, movies, or documentaries to fix the image of the Arab Muslim woman and start to treat her normally or even correct the negative images.

Plants in Production of Recombinant Antibodies

rigs in Production of Recombinant AntibodiesShirin BagherihanaeiA discussion of the techniques, advantages and disadvantages of the exercising of proves in output signal of recombinant antibodies for research and therapeutic use with named examples.Introduction Application of graft for medical proposes goes back to thousand years ago. Our ancestors use plants and extract its beneficial substance to cure unlike illnesses and relief pain. This melodic theme is continued with us and today we sewer manipulate the componenttic in var.ation of plants to make them sui duck for the output of recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical medicinal purposes 1. Since the first brokerration of recombinant protein from tobacco plant carrel culture, a variety of pharmaceutical products subscribe to been introduced such as vaccines, hormones, antibody, harvest-home factors, and cytokines 1,4,9. However, AB is the most common recombinant protein which is generated by plants and it has been c alled plantibody. Nowadays the development and the use of transgenic plants for production of recombinant ABs is an attractive subject among scientists because plants argon easy to work with and alike the cost of the production is considerably low. It is also beneficial because of the large-scale production 1.Production of blue quality recombinant protein for research and therapeutic purposes from mammalian are kinda expensive, thitherfore the idea of producing recombinant protein in transgenic animals and plants has formed recently 1. In this essay, I try to re-start and highlight well-nigh of the most cutting-edge techniques in the use of transgenic plants for production of recombinant protein and antibody. I also discuss their advantages and disadvantages with the utilization of plants to produce antibody.PlantibodyPlantibody made up of 2 words plant and antibody. It means plantibody is an AB that is generated from plants. Antibody is a glycoprotein which mainly made by pla sma booths and utilize by the immune system to neutralize both kind of foreign molecules inside the body such as bacteria and virus. Plantibody has this property to recognize and bind to its specific antigen. It sens be generated from tobacco, rice cells culture, genus Lemna minor (duckweed), Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, Medicago Sativa (alfalfa), lettuce and maize 2 but tobacco is the most common source collectable to its high riffle biomass yield 3.According to a report, recombinant protein level in tobacco stem is the same as this level in its leaf. That means to produce recombinant therapeutic protein, the whole plant biomass can be apply 3. Another advantage of tobacco is that it is not edible and this aspect of tobacco reduce bio natural rubber concern but it contains cyanogenetic alkaloid and the plant should be purified from the toxic chemicals 3. As tobacco is not an edible source, regulatory issue for production of recombinant protein is less controversial than foo d crops such as rice, soy bean and corn. Chinese cabbage has the highest amount of soluble protein among plants.Production TechniquesProduction of the recombinant protein includes utilizing the whole plant or plant cell culture in vitro 9. The disadvantages of using the whole plant for production of recombinant AB are time-consuming generation of transgenic plants, the risk of contamination with fertiliser, un inactive quality and yield of the products, applying good manufacturing practice (GMP) to the whole-plant production pipe demarcation 9. Plant cell suspension culture has the benefits of both mammalian cell culture and whole plants. Un diametriciated plant calli can be developed under a proper condition in the liquid media environment and produce cell suspension culture. Plant cell culture can generate proteins which are more similar to human generated proteins. They can also grow rapidly in a simple media same as bacteria. Plants are eukaryote so they suck in fairly similar post-transitional modifications such as glycosylation that happen in human cells 9. Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that glycan adds to organic molecules such as lipids and proteins. Correct pattern of protein crimp is also essential for recombinant protein to function 1. It is chaseing to note that plant suspension cell culture lack fully functional plasmodesmata, therefore, systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) may be reduced because PTGS is transmitted through plasmodesmata and the vascular system 9.Generally, three different methods are applied in the production of recombinant AB in plants Agroinfiltration with recombinant agrobacteria, tinge bombardment technology and Infection with modified viral vector 8,14. The general technique for the production of genetically modified plants is agrobacterium-mediated transformation 2. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens is a yard negative bacteria which is the cause of crown gall disease in plants 14. These bacteria live i n soil and attract to the plants with wounded parts. However, scientists use this bacteria as a tool for research and therapeutic purposes by introducing the gene with desired properties into the plant cells in plant genetic engineering. The gene of interest can be inserted into Ti plasmid (tumor inducing) then injected into the plants as a host. Plant cell divide out of control and the gene of interest proliferate as well 14. There is a selectable marker on the T-DNA which is transferred into the host cells therefore it is possible to control if the gene is transferred successfully or not 2.There are two transformation strategies for generation of recombinant antibody, Stable and transient demonstration. Stable expression is the stably insertion of cDNA encoding both heavy and light imprisonment of AB into the genome of plants. The gene can be introduced into the chloroplast genome to produce chloroplast transgenic plants which can generate AB with correct crease and disulfide b onds. Some example of the transient expression is agroinfiltration and recombinant plant viruses for the production of antibody 3. Agroinfiltration system has been used to produce multi-antennary N-glycan that mostly seen in mammalian derived glycoproteins 3. ephemeral expressionmethod is fast and convenient for the production of recombinant antibody without generation of transgenic plant. The generation of transient expression is the precondition to stable transformation because it can test expression vectors and protein stability and also it is able to recognize any problem that may shake up happened 8. Transient expression is better for low scale yield protein production yet transgenic plant are better approach for high yield production and also gives a better expression levels 7. An important point to note is if the expression is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), this results in higher yield 7.Another approach for the insertion the gene of interest into the plant tis sue is particle bombardment technology. The main idea of this technique is some microscopic golden roll of tobacco or delinquent west bullet covered by the gene of interest. These particles are fired into the plant leaf. This technique used for all lineament of plants. The golden bullet preferably used because the tungsten bullets have the risk of toxicity for the plants. Then the bullet is placed at the end of charge plate bullets and shoot with blasts of air or helium. There is a plastic mesh work shop on the way of the bullets which guide the bullet to move forward. An alternative technique used for this approach which can accelerate the bead with strong electrical discharge which results in a controlled penetration of beads into the plant tissue.After penetration of the DNA dissolved into the cytoplasm of the leaf, the gene of interest can recombine with the chromosome of a plant. Finally, the leaf is transferred to media and let it grow and regenerated using tissue cultur e 8,11. This technique does not use a lot due to its high cost and also as this method is physical so the insertion of the gene which is performed by gene gun may cause constipation to plant without transferring the genetic material inside the plant and dose not give the precise or desirable results 14. Production of ab transgenic plants can be generated by viral vectors. However low infectivity with this vectors needs to be considered as an obstacle 2. One of the disadvantages of viral plant system is the injection of vector to leaf or stem every time which can result in gene mutation during replication of the virus. But we dont face this problem in transgenic stable expression. Therefore, it is extremely important to choose the proper protocol for gene expression 3.Advantages and DisadvantagesPlants paly an important role as a bioreactor for production of recombinant protein. Basically, the common systems use for the production of recombinant proteins is the manipulation of mamma lian cells, bacterial systems, yeast and etc. However, recently due to some negative aspects of these systems some scientists prefer to work and study plant sources which have those benefits that they are looking for. There are several important benefits with the production of recombinant AB from plants. Firstly, is the large scale of production from cheap raw materials and the reduction of be in comparison with other techniques of recombinant AB production such as yeast, mammalian and etc. 3,5.Another advantage of using plants for production of AB is the tractableness of working with plants as it can be used both in vivo and in vitro 3. In addition, introducing new transgenic plants is possible by sexual crosses and they are quite easy to work with. There is a very low risk of contamination by mammalian viruses when AB is generated from plants 5. Another advantage is correct folding and assembly of produced AB for both single stranded peptides and multimeric protein with full si ze. Recombinant protein which generated from edible sources does not require purification. In terms of storage the enzymes which are produced by plants can be formulated to the seeds, so under the suitable condition they can be stored for long period of time and it is also possible to transport them to different locations easily. Plantibody have both avidity and affinity towards its specific antigen and its characteristics maintain the same after purification 1.Although plants have lots of benefits but it is not 100% meliorate source for production of antibody 3. The most important disadvantage is the fact that Plant N-glycosylation is different from human and mammalian glycosylation. Another negative point is that plants has shown discrete yields due to low gene expression level 7. There is also the problem with causing allergic and immunogenic reactions in human beings, which is because of the difference in glycosylation pattern in humans and plant 7. Moreover, there are some co ncerns regarding the activity of proteolytic degradation, which might influence fully assembled IgG that is secreted in the culture media 9. Production of mycotoxin by impurities, terminal point which caused by the environmental condition, and the possibilities of herbicides presence in the product are some other negative aspect of transgenic plants 1. The controversy about plantibody generation is the presence of gene segments or marker segments in the produced do drugs and its effect on human body and the probability of allergic reaction to plant glycoprotein 1.Although there are some disadvantages with the use of transgenic animals such as the risk of contamination of protein with animal viruses and also it takes a long time to produce recombinant protein from transgenic animals but, many biotechnologists prefer to produce AB from mammalian cell lines because the final ABs have a correct glycosylation pattern and protein folding 1.Plant Antibody ApplicationThe extracted AB from plants can be used for many different purposes such as vaccine production, clinical diagnosis protein, pharmaceutical and industrial proteins, biopolymer, biodiesel, food industry, tools for research, and diagnosis tool for chromatography and other immunoassays 1. The application of AB in research is extremely wide, because of their transferability with the metabolic process in organism 1. Protein pharmaceutical products are one of the most expensive and important products that human has managed to synthesis them in ways other than natural methods. In recent years, mAB has had an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related research 3,12.Each mAB influence cancer cells in 3 ways it can signal to the immune system to kill cancerous cells, it can prevent the division of cancer cells or deliver drug to these cells 3. mAB can attack tumour cells by complement system in cytotoxic reactions through complement system. They bound to the tumor cells which prevent tumor gro wth and finally result in apoptosis 3. The ability of AB to prevent the pathogens and tumor cells is due to the affinity of the variable binding sites. This affinity of AB could have enhanced by modifying glycon structure and glycosylation patterns 3. As we see mAB have many positive aspects for prevention of cancer but their application is not common which is yoke to the risk of contamination with human pathogens, high cost and proliferation inability. However, these problems have been eliminated by the production of mAB from other bio-organism like bacteria, yeasts, insects, and plants 3. The monoclonal AB expressed in plants by tobacco mosaic virus vectors 3.Nimotozomab is a humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor recombinant AB which is produced in animal cell culture. This AB is used for treatment of different carcinoma cells. It seems that a mutation in the N297 position in the IgG1 FC region of this AB and apply it in a transgenic plant which result in producing a fo rm of nomotozomab that is similar to mammalian-cell-produced AB. It also has the property to block the EGFR interaction and have antitumor effects 5,7. Nicotiana tabacum were transformed by A.tumefaction-mediated gene transfer method. In set out to infect the plant cells, recombinant pDEGF-R Agbacterium bearing the binary vector was applied 5,7. According to experiments the mAB which was generated in plants was as effective as the one which was generated in mammalian (nude mice). In another experiment marine, mAB could prevent Brest cancer cell growth and mAB was generated from transgenic tobacco plant which had the same function as the murine mAB. Therefore, plants such as tobacco can produce two different mAB which can target two different types of cancer cells 3. The most frequently chosen host cell lines used for recombinant protein expression are Tobacco BY-2 (Bright yellow-2) and NT-1 (Nicotiana tabacum-1) cells 9.Generally, immunoglobulin A, IgG and IgM are generated from pl ants. immunoglobulin A and IgM have the potential for moneymaking(prenominal) production. They attach antigens in the first line defence at gastrointestinal mucosal surface, tears, saliva and milk 14. IgG and IgA have been introduced in Nicotiana, Arabidopsis.Plantibody have a high level of safety which rise the interest for production of mAB from plant Examples include the Guys 13 IgG1 (Fischer et al., 1999b Sharp and Doran, 2001a, 2001b), a human mAB against hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) (Yano et al., 2004), a human anti-rabies virus mAB (Girard et al., 2006), and most recently a human anti-HIV mAB (Holland et al., 2010) all of which have been reported to be expressed in tobacco cell suspension cultures 9. Lots of causa have been done for production of these ABs in large scale but none of them sell in the market due to the high cost. Nonetheless, two plantibody is used in clinical CAROX which was expressed in transgenic tobacco that takes part in the prevention of to oth decay and the second one have an effect against non-Hodgkin-lymphoma(NHL) 2. The following table demonstrates some IgA plantibodies which are generated in recent research.PlantibodySourceTargetPlantibody CharacteristicsIgA/GTransgenic Tobacco PlantS. MutansPrevention of tooth decayHuman IgAMaizeHerpes Simplex Virus and saga 1 antigenHerpes disease and sperm agglutinationCoccidia specific chicken IgANocotiana BenthamianaEimeria AcervulinaAgainst the coccidiosisVirus-specific IgATomato and Nocotiana BenthamianaRota VirusDevelopment for passive immunisation against Diarrhoeal disease chimeric Enterotoxigenic Bacteria-Specific IgA (VHH-IgA)Arabidopsis Thaliana seedsEnterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC)Passive Mucosal Immunisation Against Enteric InfectionsChimeric Toxic-Specific IgA (Hybrid IgG/IgA)A. ThalianaShiga Toxin From ETECAgainst Haemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic-uremic SyndromeMonomeric IgA1 K Variants (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Ustekinumab)N. BenthamianaAgainst Autoimmune disease2G12 sIgAN. BenthamianaHuman Immunodeficiency VirusAnti-HIV HumanThis table shows IgA plantibodies, their sources, targets and characteristics.Conclusion and future perspectivesAlthough there are problems with the generation of plantibody from mammalian cells, but they are the most common source for production of mABs. This is due to the correct folding and similar glycosylation patterns to human, complex type N-glycosyl, moieties and the presence of polypeptides with disulfide bonds. Using recombinant antibody fragment in research therapeutic purposes, biotechnology and pharmaceutical science is increasing because of the intrinsic properties of the components such as the ability to move into better and detect antigen with higher affinity, small size and easy production compared to AB full size 6,13. More powerful tissue or inducible promoters, enhancement of transcript stability, translational improvement with cutting edge sequences or strategies and transgenic chloroplas t system are some ways which are studied in order to chew up the AB expression level in plants in the future 8. Drug production seems to be one of the promising field in terms of commercial development in biotechnology 1.In total, we can see a promising future for the production of drugs, vaccine, recombinant protein and biopharmaceuticals from plants. However, several bottlenecks including regulatory guidelines, ethical issues and public favorable reception must be taken into account and solved 1.ReferencesHashemzadeh, H. and Zebarjadi, A. (2014). Application of transgenic plants as factories for producing biopharmaceutical. online www.researchgate.net. Available at https//www.researchgate.net/ effect/268514150_Application_of_transgenic_plants_as_factories_for_producing_biopharmaceutical?enrichId=rgreq-4465fb2b3b0479dec4752b8195daab6c-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2ODUxNDE1MDtBUzoxNjU2NDA4MDM0NjMxNjhAMTQxNjUwMzI1MzMxOA%3D%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPdf Accessed 17 Mar. 2017. Frenzel, A., Hust, M. and Schirrmann, T. (2013). Expression of Recombinant Antibodies. online journal.frontiersin.org. Available at http//journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217/full Accessed 17 Mar. 2017.Moussavou, G., Ko, K., Lee, J. and Choo, Y. (2015). Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Plants for Cancer Immunotherapy. online Hindawi.com. Available at https//www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/306164/ Accessed 17 Mar. 2017.Valds, R., Padilla, S., Gmez, L. and Borroto, C. (2003). Large-scale purification of an antibody directed against hepatitis B surface antigen from transgenic tobacco plants. online www.researchgate.net. Available at https//www.researchgate.net/publication/10635451_Large-scale_purification_of_an_antibody_directed_against_hepatitis_B_surface_antigen_from_transgenic_tobacco_plants?enrichId=rgreq-9f9d9c1d7e1ac5013b459ed8c8d81938-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNjM1NDUxO0FTOjk4OTYxOTIyNzIzODQ1QDE0MDA2MDU3NjkyNjc%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPd f Accessed 17 Mar. 2017.Pujol, M. and Gavilondo, J. (2013). Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. express aglycosylated monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity. online www.researchgate.net. Available at https//www.researchgate.net/publication/263802548_Transgenic_plants_of_Nicotiana_tabacum_L_express_aglycosylated_monoclonal_antibody_with_antitumor_activity?enrichId=rgreq-e820e9544359d3a71edb5ce55845f43a-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MzgwMjU0ODtBUzoxMTczNzkwNTI4NzE2ODFAMTQwNDk5Njc1NTQwMg%3D%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPdf Accessed 17 Mar. 2017.Hayes C. Generation and Application of Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Prostate Cancer Detection. A thesis submitted for the form of Ph.D. School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University,Dublin 9,Ireland 2010 j6)Rodrguez, M., Prez, L., Gavilondo, J., Garrido, G., Bequet-Romero, M., Hernndez, I., Huerta, V., Cabrera, G., Prez, M., Ramos, O., Leyva, R., Len, M., Ramos, P., Triguero, A., Hernndez, A., Snchez, B., Ayala, M., Soto , J., Gonzlez, E., Mendoza, O., Tiel, K. and Pujol, M. (2012). Comparative in vitro and experimental in vivo studies of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody nimotuzumab and its aglycosylated form produced in transgenic tobacco plants. online http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 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Example Physics Essay

Example Physics EssayThe Motion of a Mass Spring SystemThe example of a plurality attached to the end of a spring is a powerful tool in physics due to the fact that it is analogous to m some(prenominal) physical phenomena. To be able to use this example to elegantly describe other more complex schemes it is crucial to first fully on a lower floorstand how this simplistic body whole kit and boodle itself.The storm acting on a piling attached to a spring at a given position is given by (Serway, 2003 437).F= -kx (Eqn 1)This compare may be derived from Newtons Second Law of motion, which states that the force on a crowd together is proportional to the rate of change in momentum.A mass and spring system advise be described as a Simple Harmonic Oscillator and there argon some constitutional equations that govern the motion of such a system (Serway, 2003 436).= (k/m) (Eqn 2)Equation deuce shows how the angular frequency (=2*frequency) of an object oscillating due to it being fix to a spring that is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. k is a continual, known as the spring immutable that is defined by the properties of the spring. k can be easily determined experimentally for a given spring by changing the mass attached to the spring and measuring the frequency. Due to the oscillating nature of such a system as that which can be described u sliminessg equations one and two, they ar known to be in simple harmonized motion.The motion of a discloseicle over time is described effectively by a cosine wave (Serway, 2003 436 Hayek , 2003 562).x(t)=Acos(t+) (Eqn 3)Equation terce shows how this motion can be mapped over time where A is the amplitude of the oscillation, and is a term to correct the phase. This can be plotted to show how the mass and spring system depart move over time.The figure above shows how a mass on a spring lead behave in a frictionless universe while obeying Newtons First Law of motion. A useful trait of the Simple Harmo nic Oscillator is that the equations for the focal ratio and the speedup are easily derived from that of the position equation (Serway, 2003 436).V(t)=-A.sin(t) (Eqn 4)a(t)= -A cos(t) (Eqn 5)For brevity the phase term () has been omitted from these two equations as it can be assumed that phase is the same. These two equations give valuable insight into the nature of as mass on a spring and how its velocity and acceleration is linked. The interesting thing to note is that velocity is governed by a sine waveform, yet acceleration is dependent on the cosine waveform. What this means is that when the particle on the spring has minimum velocity it will have maximum acceleration, it also means that when the mass is travelling at its maximum velocity it has minimum (possibly zero) acceleration.Realistically however, most situations where a simple harmonic oscillator may be applied will involve a resistive force of some description, such as friction in the case of a mass on a spring. The e ffect this has on the motion of the mass and the spring system can be chance onn in the figure below.It is clear to see on the above figure that the presence of friction causes the amplitude of the oscillation to decay over time. This effect is known as damping. In a damped system that has no external force driving the oscillation itself, the rate at which the oscillation decreases is directly proportional to the resistive force being applied to it. The damping force is at its greatest when the particle is moving at its fastest velocity and at a minimum when the acceleration is at a maximum. There are three types of damping in an oscillatory system, underdamping, over-damping and critically damped. Underdamped is where the amplitude of the decay envelope does not decay rapidly. Critically damped systems are the fastest to return to equilibrium and will have a decay envelope that allows one oscillation over the entire damping period and will decay towards zero rapidly during this pe riod. Over-damping occurs when there are no oscillations (as seen in critical damping) however there is an infinite time to return to equilibrium (Hayek , 2003 567). The equation which describes this damped oscillation is given byF= -kx-l dx/dt (Eqn 6) present the original equation for the force is extended by a first order differential term relating to the change in the velocity due to the damping constant l. Equation six is able to be expanded into a more useful form by applying Newtons Second Law, which gives(d x)/(dt )+2D_0 dx/dt+_0 x=0 (Eqn 7)This equation now contains a first and second order differential equation relating to the velocity and acceleration respectively of the particle. Equation s regular looks to be such(prenominal) more complex than that of equation six, however it is now in a considerably more useful form as it allows to see equation six in terms of the angular frequency of the system. D is the damping ratio and is given by D= l/(2mk) , taking into account t he damping coefficient, the spring constant and the mass of the particle.To fully understand the motion of the mass and spring system there must be consideration of the cypher within the system. This may be done with the help of some simple drawings. The blue lines indicate the spring and the solid red block with a blue border indicates the mass.From the figures it is possible to count stretching the spring, this means that there is a force acting on the mass and if it is held at this stretched point (x) the mass will have a electromotive force energy U. should the mass be released from this point it will have a maximum velocity Vmax and a maximum Kinetic energy KEmax. The total energy in the system at any one point in time is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies.E(t)=KE+U (Eqn 8)E(t)=1/2 mv(t)+1/2 kx(t) (Eqn 9)By substituting the formulae for velocity and position (equations three and four) into the energy equation it is possible to simplify this further.E(t)= 1/2 kA si n(t)+cos(t) (Eqn 10)E(t)=1/2 kA (Eqn 11)The elegance of this simple algebra is that for an oscillating mass on a spring the energy in the system at any given point in time is completely independent of time. If there are dissipative or driving affects occurring during the oscillations then the amount of energy in the system will change, however for a closed system this fact holds true.This equation occurs in many areas of physics, for much more complex systems than a single mass on a spring. These equations can be applied to pendulums, resonant electrical circuits (RLC circuits) (Mispelter, 2006 35) such as those used to detect Radio and TV signals, or even in quantum mechanics and the time independent Schrodinger equation, where it is found that a quantum harmonic oscillator, such as a particle in a potential wholesome (Schrdinger, 1926 1054), is one of the few quantum mechanical problems that it is possible to find analytical answers for. If the Hamiltonian for such a system is e xamined it is shown that its structure is very similar to that of equation nine (Schrdinger, 1926 1057 Levitt, 2012 144).H = p /2m+1/2 m x (Eqn 12)p is the momentum operator that forms the kinetic half of the Hamiltonian and x is the position operator which calculates the potential part of the Hamiltonian (Schrdinger, 1926 1052). It is obvious that the simple classical physics still applies to this quantum system.These are some of the situations where this type of motion is observed and the table shows how the equations are manipulated to fit the system under examination ( Hayek , 2003 562 Mispelter, 2006 38 Dirac, 1958 108 Boylsestad, 2010 871).In conclusion the mass and spring systems motion is elegantly described by some simple mathematics that can be manipulated to suit systems that have external forces acting on the motion of the system. The beauty of this is that the mathematics can then be applied to much more complex systems.ReferencesBoylestad, Robert. (2010) Intrductory Circuit Analysis, 12th edition. Pearson.Dirac, P. A. M. (1958). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th edition. Oxford University PressHayek, S. I. 2003. Mechanical Vibration and Damping. Encyclopaedia of Applied Physics.Levitt, M. (2012). Spin Dynamics, Basics of Nuclear Magnetic tintinnabulation 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Mispelter, J. (2006) NMR probeheads for biophysical and biomedical experiments theoretical principles practical guidelines. Imperial College Press.Schrdinger, E. (1926). An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules. Phys. Rev. 28 (6) pp 1049-1070.Serway, R. A., Jewett, J. W., Serway, R. A. (n.d.). Physics for scientists and engineers, with modern physics. Belmont, CA Thomson-Brooks/Cole.